1%). With the definition used in the present study (score of average pain during the previous week > 5), pain was classified as severe in 20.0% of all subjects with LPP. Kristiansson et al. (1996) concluded that pain was severe in about 30% of their subjects with LPP; however, no specific definition of ‘severe’ was given. In a study by Östgaard et al. (1991) 36% of the subjects with

LPP described their pain as ‘significant’. In a population-based study of Bjelland et al. (2010) among 75,939 women in TAM Receptor inhibitor the 30th week of pregnancy 58% of the subjects reported pain in the pelvic region; 12.6% of all women (thus 21.7% of all women with pain in the pelvic region) reported to have severe pain in at least one location in the pelvis. In that study anterior

pelvic pain was included, but isolated LBP excluded. These latter percentages are largely the same as those in the present study. In a population-based study by Kristiansson et al. (1996) their score of ‘pain max’ in the 3rd quartile was 5.9 (similar to the present study) whereas their ‘pain now’ score was 3.2 compared to 2.4 in the present study. Mean QBPDS score of women with LPP was 26.8. Using the definition of the present study, 20.9% of the population is classified with ‘severe’ disability. We found www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html no population-based studies which have used this scale. A problem with load transfer (as advocated to be measured by the ASLR) was classified as ‘severe’ in only 8.2% of the subjects with LPP. ASLR was positive in 55.7% of the subjects with LPP and in 12.5% of the controls. In a comparable study, ASLR was positive (according to the definition of the present study) in 70.3% of participants with LPP and 37.3% in those without LPP (Robinson et al., 2010). The higher score in the study of Robinson et al. might be explained (in part) by a difference in the duration of the pregnancy: in the present 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase study 20–30 weeks compared with week 30 in the study by Robinson et al. Another explanation could be that the study of Robinson et al. was part of a longitudinal study in which participants answered questionnaires seven times during and after pregnancy. The threshold for reporting PGP-related symptoms probably decreased

due to the focus of participating in a study. Robinson used this theory to explain the much larger prevalence of LPP in her longitudinal study than in her population-based study (Robinson, 2010 and Robinson et al., 2010). The percentage of subjects with a positive PPPP test (at one or both sides) was 43.6% (Table 3). The scores of PPPP in three comparable studies are clearly higher. In a study of Östgaard et al. (1994) the test was positive (at one or both sides) in 81.5% of pregnant subjects with posterior pelvic pain. Kristiansson and Svärdsudd (1996) used the term ‘femoral compression test’ to indicate the PPPP test. In their group of pregnant women, the test was positive (at one or both sides) in 47% of women with ‘lumbosacral’ pain, and in 69% with ‘sacral’ pain.

A razão Nau/Ku tem mostrado boa correlação com Nau24h ≥ 78 mmol/dia, com valores cutoff variando entre os diferentes trabalhos5, 6 and 7. Segundo as orientações da AASLD, nos doentes que não respondem ao tratamento diurético deve ser feita a quantificação da excreção de sódio de forma a determinar se os doentes ingerem mais sal do que o permitido ou beneficiam do aumento dos diuréticos3. Nesta edição PF-562271 do GE, Marcos da Silva et al. publicam um trabalho que pretendeu comparar a determinação pontual de sódio urinário com a determinação de sódio na urina de 24 horas

para avaliação da natriurese em doentes cirróticos com ascite, numa população da América Latina. Neste estudo transversal foram incluídos 20 doentes em regime de ambulatório ou

internamento, observados num período de 18 meses. Este grupo de doentes era predominantemente do sexo masculino, com idade média de 54 anos. Relativamente à etiologia da doença hepática verificou‐se um predomínio da doença hepática alcoólica, com ou sem infeções associadas por vírus hepatotrópicos, sendo de salientar a prevalência mais elevada de infeção CTLA-4 antibody por VHB e VHC, comparativamente aos países europeus. De acordo com o esperado e já anteriormente reportado, os doentes com maior compromisso de função hepática (score MELD mais elevado) foram também os que apresentaram menor excreção de sódio na urina, verificando‐se correlação entre a determinação da Nau/Ku e a excreção urinária diária de sódio. Ao contrário do observado noutros trabalhos, não se verificou diferença entre o grupo com baixa excreção e o grupo com Nau24h≥ 78 mEq, relativamente a indicadores de hipertensão portal (plaquetas e leucócitos), de compromisso da função renal (ureia) ou compromisso da excreção de água livre, secundário a ativação neuro‐hormonal (elevados níveis de ADH), traduzido por valores mais baixos de sódio sérico. Relativamente à correlação entre a determinação ocasional da razão

Nau/Ku e a determinação Nau24h, este trabalho vem confirmar o que tem sido descrito, com uma acuidade de 80%, PPV e NPV de 90%, para um cutoff de 15, 6, 8 and 9, sugerindo que este método pode ser utilizado com fiabilidade na prática clínica da avaliação dos doentes com ascite. Este estudo vem, mais about uma vez, reforçar a importância da medição da excreção urinária de sódio nos doentes cirróticos complicados com ascite, de forma a poder identificar corretamente os que beneficiam dum aumento das doses de diuréticos, evitando as complicações do seu incremento desnecessário e inadequado e da realização de manobras invasivas, nomeadamente paracenteses de grande volume. A dificuldade na recolha da urina de 24 horas é assim ultrapassada com a determinação pontual da razão sódio/potássio na urina, que apresenta uma elevada acuidade diagnóstica (80%), sobreponível aos dados disponíveis na literatura.

In the fabrication of the specimens, standard procedures

were followed to assure the same final quality of the machined titanium and Zc substrates. Briefly, wax discs were fabricated using a metallic matrix. After that, the disc-sprue assemblies were invested and cast in pure titanium alloy (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) using a voltaic-arc casting machine. A high-temperature phosphate-bonded investment (Rematitam Plus, Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) was used and the rings were burnt out according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After casting, all the cast disc specimens were sandblasted with 50-μm Al2O3 airborne particles for 10 s at a 2-cm distance, 2-bar pressure and approximately 45° of angulation to eliminate contamination. Specimens were cleaned with liquid detergent and tap water, placed in isopropyl alcohol for 15 min and then dried with absorbent paper towels. Afterwards, the

experimental surface of Epigenetic inhibitor cast specimens was polished with water-cooled sandpapers of decreasing abrasiveness (250, 400 and 600 grit). Aiming to correlate the micro-organism count with the type of material surface, a two-dimensional contact stylus profilometer (Mitutoyo SJ-201P, Kawasaki, Honshu, Japan) was used, before clinical evaluation, for measuring the surface roughness of all the tested specimens (n = 24 samples for each tested material). To determine the surface roughness for each surface material, three single measurements (−1 mm, 0 and +1 mm) CHIR 99021 with a measuring length of 5.6 mm using a cut of 0.8 mm were performed on all the specimens. After measuring, mean roughness (Ra) was calculated for each material. After exposure of intraoral splints,

disc specimens of each substrate were immediately stained with 1% neutral red to disclose the formed biofilm over the discs. The technique for the assessment of biofifilm coverage has already been described.21 and 22 Briefly, the experimental surfaces were disclosed by 1% neutral red solution and photographed (digital camera: Canon EOS Digital Rebel EF-S 18–55; and flash: Canon MR-14 EX, Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with standard film–object distance and exposure time. The camera was fixed stand (CS-4 Copy Stand; Testrite Inst. Co., Inc., Newark, NJ, USA). Total surface area and areas corresponding to the PJ34 HCl stained region were measured using the image processing software Image Tool 3.0 (The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA). Biofilm percentage was calculated using the relation between biofilm area multiplied by 100 and total surface area of the tested surface of specimens. Biofilm specimens were then evaluated by DNA checkerboard hybridisation, according to the procedures described by do Nascimento et al.23 Samples were assessed to identify and quantify the Candida species found colonising the oral biofilm formed on the tested substrates.

Implant reconstruction involves identification of the needle tips and the needle path accurately. “Tip location” positions the needle in the cranial–caudal direction and thus determines the location of the source dwell positions relative to the

anatomy in the treatment plan. Others have studied the accuracy of needle tip PS-341 mw identification (9) and have found the locations of needle tips in general to be accurate; however, their study was idealized in that they were identifying individual needle tips inserted one at a time into a water bath. In practice, the challenge is to identify needle locations in a geometric arrangement of multiple needles. Needle tip location in this phantom study was determined to have median difference of 0.5 mm (range, −5.8–3.4 mm) compared with the CT-based tip location.

The median difference is reassuringly small and most differences were less than 2.0 mm (Fig. 6); however, the magnitude of the outlying discrepancies is clearly unacceptable. Although misidentifying the tip of a small number of needles per implant did not have as large a negative impact on overall dosimetry as the systematic shift in needle channel positions did, this error will result in local dosimetric changes that may be important if the planned dose cloud surrounding the needle is actually closer to OAR structures or farther from target structures. There are a number of strategies that can be used to mitigate this problem. As difficulty in identifying needle tip location is increased when the needle under consideration TSA HDAC concentration falls in the shadow of a more posterior needle, one possibility is to track

and identify the tips of the more anterior needles first. This can be accomplished by observing the tips using longitudinal US images as the needle is advanced to its final position. The Vitesse (Varian) software has tools that aid in doing this and allow one to lock down the tip position of each needle as it is identified. Care must be exercised, however, to ensure that the needles do not move once the tip has been identified. Measuring the lengths of the needles that protrude from the implant template can provide a check that the needles have not moved and ameliorate difficult needle tip identifications. Knowing this length, it would be possible, using knowledge of the Thiamet G physical location of the TRUS transducer with respect to some external mark on the probe, to determine exactly where the needle tip was with respect to the plane of the TRUS transducer. In practice, however, it is more practical to use the measured lengths of the protruding needles to determine the tip locations relative to one of the lower needles that are well visualized in the image. This technique was applied to the needles in the phantom study, and this reduced the maximum error in the cranial–caudal direction from 5.8 to 1.9 mm.

Osteoporosis, the most common bone disease, Dabrafenib clinical trial is not only a reduction in bone mass, it is also an increase in marrow adiposity and a reduction in alkaline phosphatase expressing stromal cells [20]. Endosteal fibrosis of secondary hyperparathyroidism is the local accumulation of bone marrow stromal cells at the endosteum [21] and [22]. The fibrosis of fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD) is the local accumulation of stromal cells in an abnormal marrow space [23], is coupled to the loss of adipocytes and of the hematopoietic microenvironment, and also to profound subversion of bone architecture, matrix composition, mineralization,

internal texture and mechanical competence. Vascularity of the bone marrow is profoundly altered in osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, FD, and many more bone diseases. Many more examples could be given illustrating the point that

calling an individual disease a “bone disease” rather than a “bone marrow disease” can be seen as the result of a conventional choice, buy MS-275 or simply of a bias. The introduction of the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology [24] was saluted with enthusiasm as it conveyed both a reliable technological tool for generating pluripotent cells and theoretically any differentiated lineage, and relief from a heated “ethical” controversy, while illustrating the extraordinary notion that less than a handful these of genes could reprogram an adult cell into pluripotency. Shortly thereafter, the value of iPS

cells as tools for modeling disease became widely appreciated [25], and currently predominates over the still immature use of iPS cells for direct replacement of diseased tissues. The use of iPS cells for disease modeling encompasses investigative as well as directly applicative avenues: the generation of patient-specific diseased and differentiated cell types, in which to seek disease mechanisms, but also a tool for high-throughput drug screening. iPS cells have been used to model rare diseases such as Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [26] and metatropic dysplasia [27], revealing altered patterns of cartilaginous differentiation through the use, notably, of assays in fact developed for the study of postnatal stem cells. However, the notion that skeletal diseases could be modeled through stem cells precedes the development of the iPS cell technology. Based on the recognition that obvious changes in the bone marrow stroma occur in FD, Bianco et al. [28] hypothesized that heterotopic transplantation of stromal cells from the abnormal marrow of FD patients could recapitulate in vivo the abnormal architecture of FD bone and bone marrow. This provided evidence that a human non-neoplastic disease could be transferred to immunocompromised mice, and also the first use of stem cells for transferring disease into the mouse.

This article summarizes the spectrum of shared and unique genetic alterations characteristic of AC and SqCC, from gene expression signatures and patterns of DNA methylation and copy number alterations to mutations and

chromosomal rearrangements identified by genome sequencing. The therapeutic implications of ‘actionable’ alterations and emerging practices Selleck Ruxolitinib aimed at creating a personalized approach to the treatment of lung cancer and improving survival are also addressed. While all histological subtypes of lung cancer are associated with cigarette smoking, SqCC and SCLC (Fig. 1A), both of which arise predominantly in the central airways are most strongly associated with a history of smoking. Within the last few decades, there has been a dramatic shift in the global trends of lung cancer histology, with a steady decline in SCLC and SqCC such that AC is now the most common subtype of lung cancer (Fig. 1B). These

changes are largely believed to be due to widespread changes in cigarette composition (lower tar and nicotine content) which has led to a change in smoking behavior with smokers smoking more frequently and inhaling deeper in an attempt to achieve the same effect, causing tobacco carcinogens to be deposited further into the lung periphery. AC, now accounts for roughly half of all lung cancer cases and typically arises in the glandular epithelium of the lung parenchyma from type II pneumocytes or clara N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase cells whereas SqCC, which accounts for ∼30% of lung cancer and originates from basal cells in the central airways [7] (Fig. 1A). Large cell carcinomas (LCC), VE-822 nmr are a diverse group of poorly or undifferentiated tumors with poor prognosis that can have neuroendocrine features and can harbor components or AC, SqCC or SCLC. In addition to these three main subtypes, there exists a small subset of tumors with mixed, (sarcomatoid and adenosquamous carcinomas) or not otherwise specified (NOS) histologies and clinical characteristics

that are indistinct from other subtypes. Due to the therapeutic importance of distinguishing histological subtypes, in 2011 the IASLC/ATS/ERS proposed new guidelines for the pathological classification of NOS tumors [7]. The application of immunohistochemical panels containing a mixture of AC and SqCC markers and EGFR and ALK mutation testing have refined NSCLC classification, significantly reducing the percent of NOS tumors diagnosed [8] and [9]. The inclusion of additional molecular alterations with evidence supporting a subtype specific pattern of alteration (ex: FGFR1 amplification and DDR2 mutation in SqCC) as well as molecular profiling of less characterized subtypes such as LCC will provide insight into the biology of these tumors and potentially identify novel genetic alterations that could aid in further refining pathological diagnosis and classification of NSCLC subtypes.

The only one ‘tallow amine’ actually showed to be false negative in the EpiSkin™ in vitro study and it was not tested in the EpiDerm™

( ICCVAM, 2002). These fatty nitrile substances are characterized as cationic surfactants. They consist of a large lipophilic alkyl chain, and a nitrogen CX-4945 price that is charged in physiological circumstances. This leads to high adsorptive properties to negatively charged surfaces as cellular membranes. The apolar tails easily dissolve in membranes, whereas the polar head causes disruption and leakage of the membranes leading to cell damage or lysis of the cell content. As a consequence, the whole molecule will not easily pass membrane structures. Ethical considerations have moved the chemical industry, which is doing business in Europe, to routinely incorporate in vitro see more assays into the testing strategy to correctly classify products. If for these substances the animal data are considered the sentinel data, the in vitro data has under

predicted the results. Additional studies should be undertaken to tease out why there is a difference between in vitro and in vivo studies. Although it is indicated that the reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) closely mimics the histological, morphological, biochemical and physiological properties of the upper parts of the human epidermis (Fig. 1), it should be remarked that RhE does not contain all cell-types that are normally present in the epidermis (Fig. 2). A further indication to this comes from the false positive predictions for these substances in the Local Lymph Node Assay, which are thought to be related to release of Interleukins such as IL-1α or other pro-inflammatory PAK5 mediators, which may not occur with the in vitro tissue constructs during the duration of the study. Evaluate inflammatory cytokines (ie. IL-8) for which at least 6 h are needed to allow expression and understand the potential inflammatory response. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Transparency document. “
“Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of

the most common adverse event leading to drug attrition during pharmaceutical development (Kola and Landis, 2004) and to drug withdrawals (Wilke et al., 2007) after market introduction. There are many clinical situations and mechanisms leading to DILI. Intracellular accumulation of lipids (steatosis) or phospholipids (phospholipidosis) and inhibition of biliary clearance (cholestasis and hyperbilirubinemia) are regarded as severe pathological features affecting the liver. Following impairment of multiple mechanisms such as mitochondrial β-oxidation, de novo fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) or fatty acid release from adipose tissues (lipolysis), neutral lipids can accumulate in hepatocytes leading to micro- and macro-vesicular steatosis ( Begriche et al., 2011 and Labbe et al., 2008).

0%, 0.0%, and 11.6%, respectively) than that in the present study. This may be because the Dutch cohort was less severely impaired compared with the current sample (only 2 adults were nonambulatory) and the relatively younger age range of participants. The prevalence of obesity, defined by BMI, in the present study (7.3%) was relatively low in comparison to a sample of Dutch adults Entinostat with CP (18.5%)7 and to the general Irish adult population without CP (25%).28

The use of BMI as an indicator of cardiovascular disease risk in adults with CP has been debated, however, given that it is unable to distinguish between body fat and muscle mass. Adults with CP experience significant muscle atrophy,11 which may result in misclassification of overweight as normal weight if BMI cutoff points for the general population are used to classify overweight/obesity in adults with CP. Previous studies investigating the association between BMI and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with CP have reported conflicting results. Bleomycin One study reported that BMI was associated with diastolic blood pressure and that there was a trend toward an association with 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease.7 A second study reported that BMI was not associated with TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C ratio, or triglycerides.15

This is in agreement with the results of the present study. The present study is the first, however, to investigate and demonstrate an association between BMI and insulin resistance in adults with CP. Although the results of this study suggest that all anthropometric measures are associated with ≥1 cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with CP, ROC curve

analysis indicated that WC was the best predictor of a number of cardiometabolic risk factors. This is in agreement with studies of the general population.12 and 13 WC was also associated with triglyceride levels and systolic blood pressure independent of BMI. Unlike BMI, WC provides an indication of visceral adipose tissue. The secretion of Phosphoprotein phosphatase proinflammatory cytokines and adipokines from visceral adipose tissue contributes to insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia and may provide the link between central obesity and cardiovascular disease.29 Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, abdominal computed tomography, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provide accurate measurements of visceral adipose tissue but are expensive and often unfeasible to use in the clinical setting. The consistent association between WC and cardiometabolic risk factors in this study suggests that WC provides a proxy measure of visceral adipose tissue among adults with CP and can be used to identify those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Defining obesity according to WC, rather than BMI, may therefore be a more appropriate method of classifying obesity in adults with CP.

, 2007 and Kotak et al., 2007). Two hypotheses may explain the lack of HSP up-regulation in N. noltii. First, HSP expression may have been up-regulated earlier in the heat wave experiment and decreased while

the Bafetinib stress-temperatures continued; or secondly, the critical temperature threshold was not reached. Evidence supporting the first hypothesis has been found in N. noltii (and A. thaliana) at 38 °C, where HSP expression returned to pre-stress levels within several hours or days after heat stress was initiated (but before it was removed) ( Massa et al., 2011). Conversely, HSP up-regulation in Z. marina can persist for 1–3 weeks with a constant applied stress at only 26 °C ( Bergmann et al., 2010 and Franssen et al., 2011a). The mechanisms behind recovery to pre-stress Entinostat molecular weight HSP expression levels during stress exposure vs. ongoing induction are not well studied and it is not known to what extent this effect depends on the strength of the applied heat stress. Regarding the second hypothesis, the lack

of HSP induction for N. noltii is due to a higher temperature threshold for HSP up-regulation relative to Z. marina. This correlation between habitat temperature and HSP up-regulation might be an indicator for different ecological niches, a phenomenon commonly observed between species pairs (summarized in Feder and Hofmann, 1999). Numerous examples include fucoid seaweeds ( Jueterbock et al., 2014), mussels (Mytilus), marine snails (Tegula), fruit flies (Drosophila), ants (Cataglyphis and Formica), yeast (Saccharomyces) ( Feder Aurora Kinase and Hofmann, 1999), lizards ( Ulmasov et al., 1992) and shrubs (Prunus and Ceanothus) ( Knight, 2010), where congeners and/or related species occur in different ecological niches such as upper vs. lower intertidal areas ( Feder and Hofmann, 1999), south vs. north facing slopes ( Knight, 2010) or different climatic zones ( Ulmasov et al., 1992, Gehring and

Wehner, 1995, Hofmann and Somero, 1996 and Krebs, 1999). In each case, the species naturally occurring in the environment with higher temperatures have higher HSP induction thresholds, which usually differ by 2–7 °C ( Ulmasov et al., 1992, Hofmann and Somero, 1996 and Feder and Hofmann, 1999). For the Z. marina and N. noltii species pair, where long term heat treatment at 25 °C showed over-expression of HSPs in Z. marina (also see Bergmann et al., 2010; Franssen et al., 2011a), but not in N. noltii, the only additional study on N. noltii showed HSP up-regulation in response to a simulated low tide at ~ 38 °C ( Massa et al., 2011). Thus, the exact difference in HSP induction thresholds in Z. marina and N. noltii remains unknown. The lack of HSP induction in N. noltii at 26 °C, in contrast to Z. marina, may be adaptive.

For an overview of event-related potentials in the active condition please also refer to supplementary material and Supplementary Fig. 1. Theta ERS analysis revealed main effects for ELECTRODES (F2/26=32.43, p<.001) and TIME (F3/39=6.13, p<.05) as well as an interaction between

ELECTRODES and TIME (F6/78=3.68, p<.05). According to post-hoc analyses electrodes Fz and Cz exhibited higher theta ERS as compared to the electrode Pz (t(13)=5.29, p<.001; t(13)=10.49, p<.001, respectively) indicating that theta ERS was most pronounced over fronto-central sites. Theta ERS was strongest 200–400 ms after stimulus onset followed by a steady decrease over time (t2>t3: t(13)= 3.50, p<.05; t2>t4: t(13)=3.36, p<.05), In addition, the interaction ELECTRODES×TIME indicated that theta ERS was systematically higher on Fz (t1: t(13)=9.45, p<.001; t2: t(13)=9.44, p<0.01; t3: t(13)=8.39, p<.001; t4: t(13)=5.65, p<0.001) and Cz in all time windows find more as compared to Pz (t1: t(13)=4.76, p<.001; t2: t(13)=6.07, p<0.00; t3: t(13)=5.84, p<.001; t4: t(13)=3.43, p<0.05). Results are also depicted in Fig. 3 using topography maps. Since lateralization effects were evident for theta in the active counting condition

we decided to also focus on potential hemispheric differences. An ANOVA including the factors CONDITION (target vs. non target), HEMISPHERE (C3 vs. C4) and TIME for the theta frequency revealed a nearly significant main Dipeptidyl peptidase effect for HEMISPHERE (F1/12=4.52, p=.055) indicating generally selleck chemicals higher theta ERS in the left hemisphere (21.99% theta ERS on C3 vs. 18.52% at C4; t(12)=2.12). The interaction CONDITION×HEMISPHERE×TIME (F3/36=3.72, p<.05) indicated that theta ERS is greater for targets as compared to non-target on the left side of the scalp and in the time window from 200 to 400 ms (t(12)=2.186, p<.05). On a single subject-level theta ERS was evident in more than 90% of the subjects (100% for the target condition and 92% for the non-target), as revealed by one-sample t tests against zero for trials across different condition

(for details refer to Supplementary Table 1). Results are also depicted in Fig. 2 in time–frequency plots and across the scalp using topography maps (cf. Fig. 3). Since visual inspection of other frequency bands indicated a possible involvement of the delta band in the active condition we also tested whether there was a stimulus specific modulation in this frequency range. Surprisingly, we found a significant effect in the active condition also in the delta range. As illustrated by the main effect CONDITION (F1/13=12.16, p<.05) delta activity was significantly higher for target names as compared to non-targets (t(13)=3.48, p<.005) over all electrodes (Fz, Cz, Pz). Additionally, the main effect TIME (F3/39=31.22, p<.001) indicated that delta was modulated over time with higher ERS from 200 to 600 ms after stimulus onset (t2>t1: t(13)=8.98, p<.