JAMA 296(9):1086–1093CrossRef Friedman SM, Sommersall LA, Gardam

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Authors’ information SHS and JMC are M S students who are studyi

Authors’ information SHS and JMC are M.S. students who are studying at the S63845 price School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea. SC is a professor at the Division of Electronics and Information Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea. KSM is a professor at the School of Electrical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea. Acknowledgements

This work was financially A-1210477 supported by the SRC/ERC program (R11-2005-048-00000-0), the Basic Science Research Program (2010–0023469), the Global Research Network Program (NRF-2011-220-D00089), the Nano-Material Technology Development Program (2011–0030228), and NRF-2013K1A3A1A25038533 through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning, and the Industrial Strategic Technology Development Program funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, VX-689 Korea) (10039239). The CAD tools were supported by the IC Design Education Center (IDEC), Korea. A part of this work was presented at the Collaborative Conference on 3D & Materials

Research (CC3DMR), Jeju, Korea, in June 2013. References 1. Strukov DB, Snider GS, Stewart DR, Williams RS: The missing memristor found. Nature 2008, 453:80–83.CrossRef 2. Jo KH, Jung CM, Min KS, Kang SM: Memristor models and circuits for controlling Process-VDD-Temperature variations. IEEE Trans Nanotechnol 2010,9(6):675–678.CrossRef 3. Pershin YV, Ventra MD: Practical approach to programmable analog circuits with memristors. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst-I 2010,57(8):1857–1864.CrossRef Dynein 4. Jung CM, Jo KH, Min KS: SPICE macromodel and CMOS emulator for memristors. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012,12(2):1487–1491.CrossRef 5. Kim H, Sah MP, Yang C, Cho S: Memristor emulator for memristor circuit applications. IEEE Trans Circuits and Syst-I 2012,59(10):2422–2431.CrossRef 6. Choi JM, Shin

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These results agree with the differences found by Hernández et al

These results agree with the differences found by Hernández et al. [34], who

analyzed the extracellular activity of pectin lyase in both races of C. lindemuthianum under the same conditions employed in this study. When both races were grown BMS202 with glucose, extracellular PNL activity was barely detected after 8 (race 1472) and 10 (race 0) days of incubation, as observed in this study. Plant cell walls from P. vulgaris induced a similarly low PNL activity in the two isolates after 7-8 days of incubation. When pectin esterified to 92% was used as the carbon source, the activity in the pathogenic race nearly doubled compared with the activity in the non-pathogenic race. Early transcription Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor of genes encoding lytic enzymes and late detection of the corresponding activities is a well documented phenomenon in different fungi [8, 30, 65, 68]. Apart from the presence of a regulatory system controlling gene expression, the production of active pectinase and probably other lyticases can be modulated by other mechanisms such as postranslational modification and protein transport [69]. These alternatives may help to explain the differences observed in this study. The pectin lyase of the pathogenic race of C. lindemuthianum is able to degrade highly esterified pectin (92%), AG-881 chemical structure unlike

that of the non-pathogenic race. Apparently, the differences between the pathogenic and non-pathogenic PTK6 races of C. lindemuthianum occur as much at the expression level as at the level of enzymatic activity, and it is clear that the non-pathogenic and pathogenic races of C. lindemuthianum respond of different form to the carbon sources (except for glucose, where the mRNA of Clpnl2 and the active enzyme is synthesized at basal levels). It has been proposed that the basal level of enzymatic activity breaks down the substrate, generating degradation products that further induce enzymatic activity [64]. A similar behavior has been

observed in our laboratory for other enzymes that degrade cell walls, such as cellulases and the xylanase and β-xylosidase of C. lindemuthianum (unpublished data). Several studies have reported that the pectinolytic enzymes play an important role in pathogenesis [70, 71]. These are the first enzymes that act during the infection of the plant, causing extensive degradation of the cell wall and the main symptoms of the disease [72]. However, in addition to enzyme production, the sequence in which the enzymes are produced, the speed of synthesis, concentration and diffusion of enzyme are also fundamental aspects of the pathogenesis process [72]. The non-pathogenic race of C. lindemuthianum used in this work is unable to infect P. vulgaris, and thus its lifestyle is closer to that of a saprophytic fungus.

8 Nys S, Okeke IN, Kariuki S, Dinant GJ, Driessen C, Stobberingh

8. Nys S, Okeke IN, Kariuki S, Dinant GJ, Driessen C, Stobberingh EE: Antibiotic resistance of faecal Escherichia coli from healthy volunteers from eight developing countries. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004, 54 (5) : 952–955.Nirogacestat PubMedCrossRef 9. Hawkey PM: Mechanisms of quinolone action and microbial response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003, (51 Suppl 1) : 29–35. 10. Hopkins KL, Davies RH, Threlfall EJ: Mechanisms of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella : recent developments. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005, 25 EPZ-6438 molecular weight (5) : 358–373.PubMedCrossRef 11. Hooper DC: Mechanisms of

action of antimicrobials: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32 (Suppl 1) : S9-S15.PubMedCrossRef 12. Wang H, Dzink-Fox JL, Chen M, Levy SB: Genetic characterization of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant selleck chemicals clinical Escherichia coli strains from China: role of acrR mutations. Antimicrob

Agents Chemother 2001, 45 (5) : 1515–1521.PubMedCrossRef 13. Tran JH, Jacoby GA: Mechanism of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99 (8) : 5638–5642.PubMedCrossRef 14. Hansen LH, Jensen LB, Sørensen HI, Sørensen SJ: Substrate specificity of the OqxAB multidrug resistance pump in Escherichia coli and selected enteric bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007, 60 (1) : 145–147.PubMedCrossRef 15. Yamane K, Wachino J-i, Suzuki S, Kimura K, Shibata N, Kato H, Shibayama K, Konda T, Arakawa Y: New plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone efflux pump, QepA, found in an Escherichia coli clinical isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51 (9) : 3354–3360.PubMedCrossRef 16. Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC, Robicsek A: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: a multifaceted threat. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009, 22 (4) : 664–689.PubMedCrossRef 17. Morgan-Linnell

SK, Zechiedrich L: Contributions of the combined effects of topoisomerase mutations toward fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51 (11) : 4205–4208.PubMedCrossRef 18. Eaves DJ, Randall Flavopiridol (Alvocidib) L, Gray DT, Buckley A, Woodward MJ, White AP, Piddock LJV: Prevalence of mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC , and parE and association with antibiotic resistance in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004, 48 (10) : 4012–4015.PubMedCrossRef 19. Wirth T, Falush D, Lan R, Colles F, Mensa P, Wieler LH, Karch H, Reeves PR, Maiden MC, Ochman H, et al.: Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Microbiol 2006, 60 (5) : 1136–1151.PubMedCrossRef 20. Livermore DM: Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J Antimicrob Chemother 2009, 64 (Suppl 1) : i29–36.PubMedCrossRef 21. Opintan JA, Newman MJ, Nsiah-Poodoh OA, Okeke IN: Vibrio cholerae O1 from Accra, Ghana carrying a class 2 integron and the SXT element. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 62 (5) : 929–933.PubMedCrossRef 22.

4, 136 mM NaCl, 2 6 mM KCl, 8 1 mM Na2HPO4, 1 4 mM

4, 136 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM KCl, 8.1 mM Na2HPO4, 1.4 mM KH2PO4), and then detached from the Anocell inserts and mounted with Vectashield (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA). Cell staining was detected by confocal laser scanning buy GW4869 microscopy (CLSM, Bio-Rad MRC 1024, Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA). To allow comparison

between the treated and control groups, the microscopic examination of both groups was done in the same experimental session. Staining was absent from negative control inserts in which the AMN-107 mouse primary antibodies were omitted. The degree of emitted fluorescence from the pancreas sections of the control and treated groups was measured using a software provided by the CLSM and expressed as arbitrary fluorescence units. FITC-phalloidin staining was performed as previously described [26]. Caco-2 cells were treated with 60 μg of wild type EPEC OMP for 1 h. The treated monolayers were washed with PBS and fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min. The fixed cells were then permeabilised with 0.1% Triton-X 100 in PBS for 5 min. The cells were washed thrice with PBS. They were then treated with 5 mg/ml of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated phalloidin in PBS for 30 min. After two washes in PBS to remove any trace of non-specific fluorescence, the cells were examined Gemcitabine in vitro for cytoskeletal actin under a CLSM. Gel electrophoresis and western blotting Monolayers of

cells were collected immediately snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. In preparation for SDS-PAGE, cells were thawed to 4°C. Cells were homogenized in chilled RIPA buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mM EDTA), including protease and phosphotase inhibitors (1 mM PMSF, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1 mM NaF, and 5 g/ml of each of aprotinin, leupeptin, pepstatin). After centrifugation at 10 000 g for 10 min at 4°C, the supernatant was recovered and assayed for protein content (DC protein assay; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Equal amounts of total protein were separated BCKDHB on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane. After blocking overnight in Tris-buffered

saline (TBS) containing 0.05% Tween (TBS-T) and 5% dry powdered milk, membranes were washed three times for 5 min each with TBS-T and incubated for 2 h at room temperature in primary antibody (rabbit anti-Claudin-1, or rabbit antioccludin, or rabbit anti-JAM, or rabbit anti-ZO-1, both from Zymed Sigma). After three washes with TBS-T, the membranes were incubated for 1 h with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. Following two washes with TBS-T and one wash with TBS, the membranes were developed for visualization of protein by the addition of enhanced chemiluminescence reagent (Amersham, Princeton, NJ, USA). Densitometric analysis was performed (Alpha Imager 1220 system) on three individual mice per treatment group.

It shows that for seahorses, butterflies and corals over 90% of a

It shows that for seahorses, butterflies and corals over 90% of all exports originate from single countries (Thailand for seahorses, Malaysia for

butterflies and Indonesia for corals) and that invariable the largest exporter typically supplies over 60% of the trade. For all species groups four countries (Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia and China) are the major exporters, and the European Union and Japan have been the most significant importers of wild-caught animals from Southeast Asia in the last decade. AZD5363 Similarly as for the exporters, GSK458 research buy albeit less marked, single countries dominate the markets (e.g. Hong Kong for the import of wild-caught seahorses and other fish and the European Union for wild-caught mammals and birds). China and Singapore, and to a lesser extent Malaysia, are the only Southeast Asian nations that features

prominently as importers of wild-caught wildlife. It appears that China is the end destination for these imports, but Singapore (pangolin and reptile skins) and Malaysia (live birds) are less of consumer countries and—after processing—re-export the majority of their Southeast Asian imports. Table 1 Exports and import of wild caught individuals from Southeast Asia listing for each major taxonomic group the three largest exporters in terms of volume (two if number three exports <1% of the total volume) and the three largest importers Group Total number of individuals LY411575 mouse Exporters Percentage Importers Percentage Butterflies 13 × 103 Malaysia 98 USA 70 China 2 EU 10     Canada

8 Seahorses 16 × 106 Thailand 94 Hong Kong SAR 57 Vietnam 1 Taiwan PoC 24     China 14 Other fish 30 × 103 ifenprodil Malaysia 57 Hong Kong SAR 93 Indonesia 38 China 2 Reptiles 14 × 106 Indonesia 62 Singapore 57 Malaysia 36 EU 12     Japan 7 Mammals 12 × 104 China 77 EU 66 Malaysia 20 Singapore 20 Vietnam 2 Japan 7 Birds 27 × 104 China 61 EU 63 Vietnam 17 Japan 19 Malaysia 14 Malaysia 10 Coral pieces 17 × 106 Indonesia 92 USA 61 Vietnam 7 EU 21     Japan 7 Levels of illegal trade in CITES-listed species the CITES trade database are generally low involving less than a quarter of a million individuals over the ten-year period (Table 2). Over 60% were reported, or re-exported, by Singapore, almost 30% by Malaysia, and ~6% by the USA. The illegal trade through Singapore (reported origin mostly Indonesia) and Malaysia (reported origin mostly Thailand) almost exclusively involved the re-export of reptiles or reptile skins, presumably after being confiscated by the authorities.

These observations are highly coincident with the

These observations are highly coincident with the Ganetespib clinical trial D and I values, which characterize the climate envelope overlap (Table 2). The niche identity tests AZD0156 cell line revealed that the climate envelopes of eastern and western harlequin frogs were identical in terms of annual means of temperature and precipitation. The null hypothesis that climate envelopes are equivalent in the western and eastern ranges was rejected for all other parameters. The climate envelope similarity test revealed that overlap in the ‘annual mean temperature’ and the ‘maximum temperature of the warmest month’ can be most likely traced back to active habitat choice. These findings

corroborate our expectation that climate envelopes of western Baf-A1 clinical trial and eastern Amazonian harlequin frogs show some divergence. However, background effects (i.e. wide availability of suitable climate conditions) may at least partly explain the overlap observed

for the other parameters. Whereas eastern Amazonian Atelopus actively chose their habitats according to some climate components which are only limitedly available to them, these same climate components may be widely available within the range of western Atelopus, where other components may be actually limiting. Such patterns are reasonable since different parameters may be widely available or limiting in eastern or western ranges influencing habitat choice. Hence, our findings suggest once cool-adapted Atelopus ancestors, under warm conditions, were forced to change climate envelopes. Fig. 5 Box plots of seven bioclimatic parameters in climate envelope models of western (W) and eastern Amazonian Atelopus (E) and available climate space within MCPs (W BAC; E BAC). Values given in the upper row refer to temperature in °C and those in the lower row refer to precipitation in mm. Broad horizontal bars indicate the first and third quartiles as well as the Progesterone median. Short horizontal bars indicate minimum/maximum values while dots do represent extremes outside 95% confidence intervals. Mean values

are indicated by crosses Because ‘excellent’ AUC values suggest a high prediction accuracy (see above), we mapped climate envelope of western and eastern Amazonian Atelopus into geographic space on the full presence data point sets (i.e. this time no data points were set aside for testing). Doing so, it is possible to take advantage of all available information and to provide best estimated prediction maps (see Phillips et al. 2006). Results are shown in Fig. 6. Fitting well with the comparison of the climate envelops of the two units studied (Fig. 5; Table 2), their geographic distributions are largely allopatric with overlap corresponding to lower suitability (i.e. lower MaxEnt values). Areas of higher suitability of climate envelopes (i.e. warmer colours in Fig. 6) of western and eastern Amazonian Atelopus show little overlap. Fig.

SpR This study NVH-1311 NVH-1307 with pHT315_MW3gerA SpR and Em

SpR. This study NVH-1311 NVH-1307 with pHT315_MW3gerA. SpR and EmR. This study ATCC 14579 Bacillus cereus type strain [72, 73] B252 Bacillus subtilis

isolated from tap water [71] Plasmids     pMAD E. coli/B. licheniformis shuttle plasmid. ApR, EmR, ori Bacillus ts and pclpB-bgaB learn more [75] pMAD_SpR pMAD-derivate supplemented with a SpR cassette in the SalI site. ApR, EmR, SpR, ori Bacillus ts and pclpB-bgaB [76] pMAD_SpRΔgerAA pMAD_SpR-derivate allowing substitution of parts of gerAA in MW3 with a SpR cassette. ApR, EmR, SpR, ori Bacillus ts and pclpB-bgaB This study pHT315 E. coli/B. licheniformis shuttle plasmid. ApR and EmR [52] pHT315_MW3gerA pHT315-derivate containing gerA fragment b amplified from MW3 DNA template. ApR and EmR This study a ApR; resistance to ampicillin, EmR; resistance to erythromycin, SpR; resistance to spectinomycin, ori Bacillus ts; temperature-sensitive Bacillus origin of replication, pclpB-bgaB; constitutively expressed termostable β-galactosidase click here (allowing blue/white screening of transformants on X-Gal plates). b gerA fragment contains a sequence

151 bp upstream of gerAA, gerAA, gerAB, gerAC and 177 bp downstream of gerAC. Preparation and transformation of B. licheniformis electrocompetent cells Electrocompetent B. licheniformis was prepared and transformed by a modified version of the protocol described by Mahillion et al.[74] as follows. A preculture in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) (Oxoid, Cambridge, United Kingdom) was grown overnight at 37 °C, and 1 ml was used to inoculate 200 ml pre-warmed BHI in a 1 l JPH203 mouse Erlenmeyer. The culture was incubated 4 to 5 h at 37 °C and 150 rpm (HT-Infors AG CH-4103, Bottmingen, Switzerland) until A600 of 0.9-1.0 was reached (Shimadzu UV-VIS 160A, Shimadzu Europa GMBH). Cells were pelleted and washed twice with 200 ml RT autoclaved MilliQ water (MQ) by 15 min centrifugations at 3.300 and 10.400 × g. The pellet was resuspended in a 10 ml filter sterilised solution of freshly prepared polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), made by dissolving 40 g PEG6000 in 100 ml MQ. Following 15 min centrifugation at 4.080 × g,

cells were resuspended Rebamipide in 0.5-1 ml of the PEG6000/MQ solution, aliquoted (100 µl) and stored at -80 °C. Transformation was conducted by adding 2 µl plasmid to 100 µl electro competent cells thawed on ice. Following ~1 min incubation on ice, electroporation was performed at 1.4 to 2.5 kV (Eppendorf Eporator, Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany or MicroPulser™, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), using 0.2 cm gap width electroporation cuvettes (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Before plating on selective LB-agar plates, cells were recovered in LB or S. O. C. medium (Invitrogen) at 37 °C, 150 rpm, for 4 to 5 h. Construction of B. licheniformis MW3ΔgerAA::spc The shuttle vector used for construction of a spectinomycin resistant (SpR) insertion deletion in the gerAA was pMAD_SpR.

Figure 3 I – V characteristics of T25/T25-DL-, T25/T240-DL-, and

Figure 3 I – V characteristics of T25/T25-DL-, T25/T240-DL-, and T240/T240-DL-based DSSCs selleck products with condenser this website lens-based solar concentrator. Figure 4 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of DSSCs with T25/T25, T25/T240, and T240/T240 DL. (a) Nyquist plots and (b) Bode plots of

T25/T25-DL-, T25/T240-DL-, and T240/T240-DL-based DSSCs with condenser lens-based solar concentrator. In order to qualitatively verify the increase of power output by using the T25/T240-DL©-based DSSCs, we tried to operate a small propeller installed on an electric motor (rated voltage = 0.6 V, rated current = 12 mA, Jinlong Machinery & Electronics Co., Zhejiang, China) powered by the T25/T240-DL-based DSSC with or without condenser lens-based solar concentrator. Figure 5a, b shows that the electric motor did not operate by the T25/T240-DL-based DSSC without using condenser lens-based solar concentrator under the light illumination because the power output was not sufficient. However, after installing the light concentrator on top of the T25/T240-DL-based DSSC, the electric motor operated very fast under light illumination as shown in Figure 5c, d, suggesting that the T25/T240-DL©-based DSSC sufficiently generated power output

to operate the given electric motor. This realizes a potential concept for a solar cell module composed of an optimized solar concentrator and a DSSC, which enables to operate portable electric devices with relatively high power input. Figure 5 Demonstration CRT0066101 nmr of high power output from solar concentrator-assisted T25/T240-DL-based DSSC. Photographs of a propeller installed on an electric motor powered by a T25/T240-DL-based DSSC without condenser lens-based solar concentrator (a) before and (b) after light illumination (Here, the propeller did not rotate after

light illumination). Photographs of a propeller installed on an electric motor powered by a T25/T240-DL-based DSSC with condenser lens-based solar concentrator (c) before and (d) after light illumination (Here, the propeller Molecular motor rotated very fast after light illumination). Conclusions In this study, we obtained the optimized intensity and focal area of incident light in a simple condenser lens-based solar concentrator by adjusting the focal length of light pathways for a reference DSSC with a T25 SL. Further, we verified the role of a T240-accumulated layer applied on top of the T25-accumulated dye-absorbing layer to serve as a strong light-scattering medium. Furthermore, the light-scattering capacity of the T240 layer in the photoelectrodes of DSSCs was found to be enhanced upon precisely concentrating the incident light with the assistance of the condenser lens-based solar concentrator.

Oligonucleotide primers were obtained from Sigma-Genosys Ltd (Ca

Oligonucleotide primers were obtained from Sigma-Genosys Ltd. (Cambridge, United Kingdom). The positive control strains for detection of potential virulence factors were the following: E. faecalis P4 for cylL L –cylL s , cylL L –cylL S –cylM, agg, gelE PD173074 and efaAfs, E. faecalis P36 for esp[32], and E. faecium C68 for hyl[35]. PCR-amplifications were performed from total bacterial DNA obtained using the Wizard DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madrid, Spain) in 25 μl reaction mixtures with 1 μl of purified DNA, 0.7 μM of each primer,

0.2 mM of each dNTP, buffer 1×, 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 0.75 U of Platinum Taq DNA polymerase (Invitrogen, Madrid, Spain). Samples were subjected to an initial cycle of denaturation (97°C for 2 min), followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (94°C for 45 s), annealing (48 to 64°C for 30 s) and elongation (72°C for 30 to 180 s), ending with a final extension step at 72°C for 7 min in an Eppendorf

Mastercycler thermal cycler (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 1-2% (w/v) agarose (Pronadisa, Madrid, Spain) gels stained with Gel red (Biotium, California, USA), and visualized with the Gel Doc 1000 documentation system (Bio-Rad, Madrid, Spain). The molecular size markers used were HyperLadder II (Bioline GmbH, Germany) selleck chemicals llc and 1Kb Plus DNA ladder (Invitrogen). Production of gelatinase by enterococci Gelatinase production was determined using the method previously

described by Eaton and Gasson [32]. Briefly, enterococci were grown in MRS broth overnight at 32°C, and LXH254 manufacturer streaked onto Todd-Hewitt (Oxoid) agar plates (1.5%, w/v) containing 30 g of gelatine per litre. After incubation overnight incubation at 37°C, the plates were placed at 4°C for 5 h before examination for zones of turbidity (protein hydrolysis) around the colonies. E. faecalis P4 was used as positive control. Production of hemolysin To investigate hemolysin production by the 99 LAB, the strains grown in MRS broth were streaked onto layered Aurora Kinase fresh horse blood agar plates (BioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France) and grown at 37°C for 1–2 days [32]. β-hemolysis was revealed by the formation of clear zones surrounding the colonies on blood agar plates. E. faecalis P4 was used as positive control. Determination of antibiotic susceptibility Antibiotic susceptibility of the 59 enterococci was determined by overlaying antibiotic-containing disks (Oxoid) on Diagnostic Sensitivity Test Agar (Oxoid) previously seeded with approximately 1 × 105 CFU/ml of each enterococcal isolate. The antibiotics tested were ampicillin (10 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), erythromycin (15 μg), gentamicin (120 μg), nitrofurantoin (300 μg), norfloxacin (10 μg), penicillin G (10 IU), rifampicin (5 μg), teicoplanin (30 μg), tetracycline (30 μg), and vancomycin (30 μg).