For an overview of event-related potentials in the active condition please also refer to supplementary material and Supplementary Fig. 1. Theta ERS analysis revealed main effects for ELECTRODES (F2/26=32.43, p<.001) and TIME (F3/39=6.13, p<.05) as well as an interaction between

ELECTRODES and TIME (F6/78=3.68, p<.05). According to post-hoc analyses electrodes Fz and Cz exhibited higher theta ERS as compared to the electrode Pz (t(13)=5.29, p<.001; t(13)=10.49, p<.001, respectively) indicating that theta ERS was most pronounced over fronto-central sites. Theta ERS was strongest 200–400 ms after stimulus onset followed by a steady decrease over time (t2>t3: t(13)= 3.50, p<.05; t2>t4: t(13)=3.36, p<.05), In addition, the interaction ELECTRODES×TIME indicated that theta ERS was systematically higher on Fz (t1: t(13)=9.45, p<.001; t2: t(13)=9.44, p<0.01; t3: t(13)=8.39, p<.001; t4: t(13)=5.65, p<0.001) and Cz in all time windows find more as compared to Pz (t1: t(13)=4.76, p<.001; t2: t(13)=6.07, p<0.00; t3: t(13)=5.84, p<.001; t4: t(13)=3.43, p<0.05). Results are also depicted in Fig. 3 using topography maps. Since lateralization effects were evident for theta in the active counting condition

we decided to also focus on potential hemispheric differences. An ANOVA including the factors CONDITION (target vs. non target), HEMISPHERE (C3 vs. C4) and TIME for the theta frequency revealed a nearly significant main Dipeptidyl peptidase effect for HEMISPHERE (F1/12=4.52, p=.055) indicating generally selleck chemicals higher theta ERS in the left hemisphere (21.99% theta ERS on C3 vs. 18.52% at C4; t(12)=2.12). The interaction CONDITION×HEMISPHERE×TIME (F3/36=3.72, p<.05) indicated that theta ERS is greater for targets as compared to non-target on the left side of the scalp and in the time window from 200 to 400 ms (t(12)=2.186, p<.05). On a single subject-level theta ERS was evident in more than 90% of the subjects (100% for the target condition and 92% for the non-target), as revealed by one-sample t tests against zero for trials across different condition

(for details refer to Supplementary Table 1). Results are also depicted in Fig. 2 in time–frequency plots and across the scalp using topography maps (cf. Fig. 3). Since visual inspection of other frequency bands indicated a possible involvement of the delta band in the active condition we also tested whether there was a stimulus specific modulation in this frequency range. Surprisingly, we found a significant effect in the active condition also in the delta range. As illustrated by the main effect CONDITION (F1/13=12.16, p<.05) delta activity was significantly higher for target names as compared to non-targets (t(13)=3.48, p<.005) over all electrodes (Fz, Cz, Pz). Additionally, the main effect TIME (F3/39=31.22, p<.001) indicated that delta was modulated over time with higher ERS from 200 to 600 ms after stimulus onset (t2>t1: t(13)=8.98, p<.