This suggests that Eu2+ silicate can be achieved by precisely Dasatinib controlling the Eu2O3 and Si layer thicknesses. Figure 4 XRD patterns of the annealed samples. Figure 5 shows the RT PL spectra of the annealed samples, excited by 365-nm

light. The intensity of the emission peak from sample 1 (with 8-nm Si layer thickness) was very weak. The spectrum had a sharp main peak centered at 616 nm with full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 10 nm, corresponding to the 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+ ions; the other weak peaks centered at 579, 592, 653, and 703 nm, corresponding to the 5D0 → 7F0, 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F3, and 5D0 → 7F4 transitions of Eu3+ ions, respectively. This indicates that most Eu ions are still trivalent in sample 1, which agrees with the XRD results. Compared to sample 1, other samples exhibited different

PL spectra. They showed strong and broad band emissions, having the maximum peak at about 610 nm and FWHM at about 130 nm, which are typical dipole-allowed 4f 65d → 4f 7 transitions of Eu2+ ions in Eu2+ silicate [16]. The red shift emission was possibly due to the fact that in Eu2+ silicate the Madelung potential of the negative anions around Eu2+ is felt less by the 5d electron, leading to a lowering of energy [17]. The emission peaks of Eu3+ disappeared in the PL spectrum of sample 2 (with 17-nm Si layer thickness ) probably selleck screening library because more Eu3+ ions in Eu2O3 layers had been deoxidized by Si, and the emission peaks of Eu3+ were submerged in the PL spectrum 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase of Eu2+. As shown in Figure 5, the sample with 25-nm Si layer thickness has the highest PL intensity among all the samples. The integrated PL intensity of sample 3 is more than two

orders higher than that of sample 1, by forming Eu2SiO4 and EuSiO3 through reaction with Si layer, as demonstrated in the XRD tests. selleck kinase inhibitor However, with further increase of the Si layer thickness, the PL intensity decreased. This may be due to the formation of EuSiO3 crystalline structure and the residual Si. Figure 5 RT PL spectra of the annealed samples. Excitation was 365 nm, and it was obtained by HORIBA Nano Log equipped with a 450-W Xe lamp. The spectrum of sample 1 is magnified tenfold. The top left inset shows the integrated intensity of the samples. The left inset shows the PLE spectrum of annealed sample 3 monitored at 610 nm. The excitation property of sample 3 has been studied by PLE measurement from 300 to 450 nm and monitored at 610 nm. As shown in the left inset of Figure 5, the PLE spectrum exhibits a very intense and broad excitation band centered at about 395 nm, which is typical of Eu2+ 4f 65d → 4f 7 transition. Indeed, we have also grown different Si contents of Si-rich Eu2O3 films without multilayer structure. However, no Eu2+ ions were found after the annealing process. This indicates that divalent Eu ions only appear in the Eu2O3/Si multilayer structure.

CrossRefPubMed 14. Trevisan M, Dorne J, Falkner K, Russell M, Ram M, Muti P, Freudenheim JL, Nochajascki T, Hovay K: Drinking pattern and risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction: a population-based case-control study. Addiction 2004, 99: 313–22.CrossRefPubMed

15. Thompson IM, Ankerst D, Chi C, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Crowly JJ, Parnes HL, Coltman CA: Assessing prostate AZD6094 in vitro Cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006, 98 (8) : 529–34.CrossRefPubMed 16. Meilahn EN, De Stavola B, Allen DS, Fentiman I, Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Kuller LH: Do urinary oestrogen metabolites predict breast cancer? Guernsey III click here cohort follow-up. Br J Cancer 1998, 78 (9) : 1250–5.PubMed 17. Andersson SO, Adami H, Bergström R, Wide L: Serum pituitary and sex steroid hormone levels in the etiology of prostatic cancer–a population-based case-control study. Br J Cancer 1993, 1993 (1) : 97–102. 18. Signorello LB, Tzonou A, Mantzoros CS, Lipworth L, Lagiou P, Hsieh C, Stampfer M, Trichopoulos D: Serum steroids in relation

to prostate cancer risk in a case-control study (Greece). Cancer Causes Control 1997, 8 (4) : 632–6.CrossRefPubMed 19. Akl EA, Barba M, Rohilla S, Terrenato I, Sperati F, Muti P, Schünemann HJ: Low-molecular-weight heparins are superior to vitamin K antagonists for the long term treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a cochrane systematic review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008, 18 (27) : 21.CrossRef 20. Akl EA, Rohilla S, Barba M, Sperati F, Terrenato I, Muti

P, Bdair F, Schünemann HJ: Anticoagulation for Angiogenesis inhibitor the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review. Cancer 2008, 113 (7) : 1685–94.CrossRefPubMed 21. Akl EA, Terrenato I, Barba M, Sperati F, Sempos EV, Muti P, Cook DJ, Schünemann HJ: Low-molecular-weight heparin vs unfractionated heparin for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168 (12) : 1261–9.CrossRefPubMed 22. Capurso G, Schünemann H, Terrenato I, Moretti A, Koch M, Muti P, Capurso L, Delle Fave G: Meta-analysis: the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pancreatic cancer risk for different exposure categories. Aliment Selleck C59 Pharmaco Ther 2007, 26 (8) : 1089–99.CrossRef 23. Higgins JTS: Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002, 21 (11) : 11539–58.CrossRef 24. Yang L, Gaikwad N, Meza J, Cavalieri EL, Muti P, Trock B, Rogan EG: Novel Biomarker for Risk of Prostate Cancer: results from a case-control study. Prostate 2009, 69 (1) : 41–8.CrossRefPubMed 25. Gann PH, Hennekens C, Ma J, Longcope C, Stampfer MJ: Prospective study of sex hormone levels and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88 (16) : 1118–26.CrossRefPubMed 26. Hsing A: Hormones and prostate cancer: what’s next? Epidemiol Rev 2001, 23 (1) : 42–58.PubMed 27. Zhu BT, Coney A: Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: reviews and perspectives.

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Andersen GL (2012) Vegetation and management regime continuity in the cultural landscape of the Eastern Desert. In: Barnard H, Duistermaat K (eds) The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles, pp 126–139 Andersen GL, Krzywinski K (2007a) Longevity and growth of Acacia tortilis; insights from 14C content and anatomy of wood. BMC Ecol 7(4):4. doi:10.​1186/​1472-6785-7-4 PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sapanisertib clinical trial Andersen GL, Krzywinski K (2007b) Mortality, recruitment and change of

desert tree populations in a hyper-arid environment. PLoS ONE 2(2):e208. doi:10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0000208 GDC 0032 chemical structure PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Andersen GL, Krzywinski K, Talib M, Saadallah AEM, Hobbs JJ, Pierce RH (2014) Traditional nomadic tending of trees in the Red Sea Hills. J Arid Env 106:36–44CrossRef Ayyad MA, Ghabbour SI (1985) Hot deserts of Egypt and Sudan. In: Evenari M, Noy-Meir I, Goodall DW (eds) Hot desert and arid shrublands, B, vol 12B., Ecosystems of the worldElsevier, Amsterdam, pp 149–202 Babiker M, Gudmundsson A (2004) The effects of dykes and faults on groundwater flow in an arid land: the Red Sea Hills, Sudan. J Hydrol 297(1–4):256–273. doi:10.​1016/​j.​jhydrol.​2004.​04.​018 CrossRef Barnard H, Duistermaat K (eds) (2012) The history of the peoples of the Eastern Desert. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Los Angeles Berkes F (2008) Sacred ecology, 2nd edn. Routledge, New York Birks HH (1988) The cultural landscape past, present, and future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Brenan JPM (1983) Manual on taxonomy of acacia species: present taxonomy of four species of Acacia (A. albida, A. senegal, A. nilotica, A. tortilis).

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Amputation might be beneficial in cases where no residual function of the limb is expected postoperatively. This implies major deficit of its neurovascular supply. Major nerve involvement may lead to preservation of a useless extremity that is worse than no limb at all [15]. For the lower limb, destruction of the tibial nerve is BTSA1 considered an indication for below-knee amputation since the functional result of the preservation of the limb is worse compared with the use of prosthesis. Modern prosthetics often provide better function than many “”successfully salvaged”" limbs. For the upper limb, even minimal

preservation of the movement and sensation might be beneficial for the patient (handle a wheel chair, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/i-bet151-gsk1210151a.html use computer systems etc) and generally provides better function compared with prosthesis. Non palpable VX-680 ic50 pulse of the radial or dorsalis pedis artery intraoperatively should lead to sonographic assessment of the vascular supply of the limb. If no venous return is seen on triplex, amputation should be strongly considered. Severe, irreparable vascular injury in an ischemic limb is another indication for amputation. Before performing an amputation, a vascular surgery consultation should be considered if available without delaying

the treatment decision [15, 16]. Improved techniques currently allow for revascularization of limbs that previously would have been unsalvageable. Revascularization is not without risk, however [9, 15]. Attempts to salvage a severely compromised limb may lead to metabolic overload and secondary organ failure. Comorbid medical conditions must also be considered before heading down a long road of multiple operations to save a limb [15]. Even though cases

with aggressive infection presenting with systemic complications due to gas gangrene of the limb are more likely to have more advanced local infection which precludes limb salvage, there is no evidence that amputation controls infection DCLK1 better than adequate wide surgical debridement. Therefore, in our patient the treatment decision for limb salvage was not influenced by the presence of systemic complications. It was rather based on the estimation of what is left behind after an adequate resection of all devitalized tissue. If limb salvage is attempted, one must take into account that postoperative daily surgical exploration might be necessary for several days until all necrotic tissue is removed. In cases of limb salvage after gas gangrene reported in the literature, serial debridement following initial surgery was necessary only in four patients including our case. This might indicate a more adequate initial operation in cases with limb preservation or a less aggressive form of disease in these patients [5–7].

Nat Comm 2012, 3:1108.GSK3326595 mouse CrossRef 4. Lal S, Link S, Halas N: Nano-optics

from sensing to waveguiding. Nat Photonics 2007, 1:641–648.CrossRef 5. Martin-Cano D, Martin-Moreno L, García-Vidal F, Moreno E: Resonance energy transfer and superradiance mediated by plasmonic nanowaveguides. Nano Lett 2010, 10:3129–3134.CrossRef 6. Sorger V, Zhang X: Spotlight on plasmon lasers. Science 2011, 333:709–710.CrossRef 7. Russell K, Liu TL, Cui S, Hu EL: Large spontaneous NVP-LDE225 emission enhancement in plasmonic nanocavities. Nat Photonics 2012, 6:459–462.CrossRef 8. Noginov M, Zhu G, Belgrave A, Bakker R, Shalaev V, Narimanov E, Stout S, Herz E, Suteewong T, Wiesner U: Demonstration of a spaser-based nanolaser. Nature 2009, 460:1110–1113.CrossRef 9. Juan ML, Righini M, Quidant R: Plasmon nano-optical tweezers. Nat Photonics 2011, 5:349–356.CrossRef 10. Schuller J, Barnard E, Cai W, Jun YC, White J, Brongersma M: Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation. Nat Mater 2010, 9:193–204.CrossRef 11. Fan J, Wu C, Bao K, Bao J, Bardhan R, Halas N, Manoharan V, Nordlander P, Shvets G, Capasso F: Self-assembled plasmonic nanoparticle clusters. Poziotinib nmr Science 2010, 328:1135–1138.CrossRef 12. Reed J, Zhu H, Zhu AY, Li C, Cubukcu E: Graphene-enabled silver nanoantenna sensors. Nano Lett 2012, 12:4090–4094.CrossRef 13. Li JF, Huang YF, Ding Y, Yang ZL, Li SB, Zhou XS, Fan FR, Zhang W, Zhou ZY, Wu DY, Ren B, Wang ZL, Tian ZQ: Shell-isolated

nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nature 2010, 464:392–395.CrossRef 14. Evans P, Kullock R, Hendren W, Atkinson R, Pollard R, Eng L: Optical transmission properties and electric field distribution of interacting 2D silver nanorod arrays. Adv Funct Mater 2008, 18:1075–1079.CrossRef 15. Liu SD, Cheng MT, Yang ZJ, Wang QQ: Surface plasmon propagation in a pair of metal nanowires coupled to a nanosized optical emitter.

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At least one other gene of the Sec-dependent pathway of protein export was up-regulated in Δfur, secY. This gene, secY, is a direct target of Fur regulation in Neisseria meningitides [100, 101]. Indeed, we detected a putative Fur binding site upstream of secY (Additional file 2: Table S2). The role of yajC during infection is unknown, but our results selleck screening library suggest Fur controls Sec-dependent protein secretion. NrdR is a global transcriptional regulator that controls expression of oxygen-dependent

find more and independent ribonucleotide reductases [102–104]. Expression of nrdR was up-regulated in Δfur and a putative Fur binding site was identified. Although, deletion of fur results in up-regulation of nrdHIEF [105], a class Ib ribonucleotide reductase, we did not detect increased expression of this operon in our conditions. However, we did detect up-regulation of the class Ia ribonucleotide reductase, nrdAB, in Δfur (Additional file 2: Table S2). The class III oxygen sensitive ribonucleotide reductase, encoded by nrdDG, is encoded in an operon. Expression of nrdD, the first gene of this operon, was down-regulated in Δfur 2.5-fold. (Additional file 2: Table S2). Our data indicate that Fur controls the class Ib and III ribonucleotide reductases, either directly or indirectly, under anaerobic conditions. A putative dehydrogenase (STM1133) was down-regulated 4.2-fold in

the Δfur (Table 3). This gene contains a putative Fur binding site on the reverse DNA strand. Sotrastaurin chemical structure STM1133 is the final

gene in an apparent four gene operon of unknown function (STM1130-1133). The first gene of this operon, STM1130, was also down-regulated 7.9-fold in Δfur (Additional file 2: Table S2); however, a Fur binding site was not identified upstream of STM1130. Interestingly, this operon is composed of the putative N-acetylneuraminic acid mutarotase (STM1130), a putative outer membrane protein (STM1131), a putative sialic acid transporter (STM1132), and a putative NAD (P) binding dehydrogenase (STM1133). Thus, our results suggest Fur controls at least a portion of this operon that may be localized to the bacterial membrane. The importance of these genes during infection is unknown. Several putative genes appear to be under direct control of Fur. Genes that exhibited reduced expression in Δfur were Fenbendazole the putative universal stress protein encoded by ynaF, the putative glutamate synthase (STM2186), the putative sugar kinase (STM3600), and the putative lipoprotein (STM3690). The putative Fur binding site for ynaF and STM3600 is located on the reverse strand for these genes. The mechanism of Fur activation of these putative genes is unknown. In addition, several putative genes exhibited up-regulation in Δfur. A putative glutamic dehydrogenase (STM1795), a putative glutaredoxin (yffB), and a putative protein (yggU), were all up-regulated in Δfur. Interestingly, yffB is predicted to be a glutathione-dependent thiol reductase. The contribution of these genes to infection is unknown.

The majority of B. gigas and T. californicus emerged in 2008, the year after gall collection. C. latiferreana and B. nucicola showed a second peak of emergence in 2008. Fig. 2 Emergence time series of the gall inducer (A. quercuscalifornicus), its parasites (E. californica, B. gigas, T. californicus), and the inquiline/parasite

of inquiline (C. latiferreana/B. nucicola). Mature oak apple galls were placed in sealed cups in June–July 2007. Galls were checked VS-4718 every 2 days from July 2007–Dec 2007, and emerged insects were noted. Galls were checked less frequently from Jan 2008–Jan 2009, and data were grouped into 2 batches during this time Discussion A. quercuscalifornicus galls are used www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html by a community of insects that include parasitoids, inquilines, parasitoids of inquilines, and transient occupants (Table 1). Different characteristics of galls correlate with the abundance of some of the most common insects that OICR-9429 supplier inhabit the galls. Different parasitoids tended to be found in galls of different sizes or from different locations (Tables 2, 3). The dominant inquiline of galls (C. latiferreana) and its major parasitoid (B. nucicola) were found more often in galls that developed early in the summer as opposed to in galls that emerged early in the summer (Tables 2, 3). While each of these observations is correlative, they are consistent with a pattern of differential niche-use of the gall by parasitoids

and inquilines across gall morphology, location, and time. The subdivision of the environment into fine-scale niches is a long-standing explanation for the co-existence of ecologically similar species (Hutchinson 1959), and niche differentiation may account for the diversity of parasitoids associated with gall wasps. Indeed, Bailey et al. (2009) found that gall traits predicted the composition of the gall’s community of parasites.

But what components of parasites’ natural histories drive their association with particular gall traits, phenology, or biogeography? Why do some insects in the gall associate with galls with different sizes or phenologies? Torymids tend to be found more often in smaller galls than in larger galls (Table 2). buy Atezolizumab Previous studies have shown that gall chambers that are close to the exterior wall of the gall are more susceptible to parasitism as many parasitoids are limited by the length of their ovipositor (but see Craig et al. 1990; Jones 1983; Marchosky and Craig 2004; Weis et al. 1985). If torymid parasitoids are limited in the galls that they can attack by ovipositor length (i.e. young galls, which are smaller), and attack by a torymid limits gall development by killing the gall-inducer, then torymids such as T. californica should emerge more frequently from smaller galls. Interestingly, T. californicus and T. tubicola were the only parasitoids with long, external ovipositors that emerged from A.

In every test, a known amount of G/M-CdS composite or CdS particles was added to 20 mL of dye solutions with the concentration 0.01 mg/mL. After reaching equilibrium, the suspension was centrifuged, and solution was analyzed for the concentration of Rh.B left using a spectrophotometer at λ max = 554 nm. The removed quantity (q eq in mg/L) of the dye buy A-1155463 by G/M-CdS could be calculated as (1) where C 0 (mg/L) represents the initial dye concentration, C eq (mg/L) is the equilibrium concentration of the dye remaining in the solution every test, V (L) is the volume of the aqueous solution, and m (g) is the weight of the G/M-CdS composite. Photocatalytic experiments

were conducted to photocatalytically degrade Rh.B in water under visible light irradiation. A domestic visible light lamp (11 W) was used as a light source and set about 10 cm from the reactor. Experiments were carried out at ambient

temperature. The reaction suspension was prepared in the same fashion as in the adsorption experiments. Before irradiation, the solutions were stirred in the dark in order to reach the adsorption-desorption equilibrium. At different irradiation Barasertib cell line time intervals, analytical samples were taken from the reaction suspension and centrifuged to remove the photocatalyst particles. The concentrations of the remnant Rh.B were monitored by checking the absorbance of solutions. Results and discussion As shown in Figure  1, XRD measurements were performed to obtain this website crystalline structural information for the as-synthesized GO, CdS MPs, and G/M-CdS. The GO presents a very sharp diffraction peak at 10.3°, whereas the weak and broad peak between 20° to 30° suggests residual unoxidized graphite. The characteristic

peaks at 24.86°, 26.48°, 28.32°, 36.72°, 43.77°, 47.98°, and 52.0° correspond to (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), and (200) planes of hexagonal-phase CdS crystals. The XRD results clearly suggest that the addition of graphene oxide did not influence the crystal structure of hexagonal phase CdS. The crystallinity of the G/M-CdS sample is very close to that of CdS, indicating that the GO supplies a platform in which the CdS particles can nucleate and grow. In addition, the 2θ degree of the peaks in pure G/M-CdS shifted a little to smaller coordinate numbers compared with those in pure CdS, which implies that the interplanar distance of graphene-coated CdS Tacrolimus (FK506) is larger than that of pure CdS. A possible reason to this might be that graphene nanosheets afforded electrons to Cd atom, which reduced the electrostatic attraction between Cd atom and S atom, and weakened the binding energy [34]. This phenomenon suggests that the G/M-CdS hybrid is formed. This result also agrees with previous works, in which GO is used as a support material to prepare graphene-based nanomaterials [35, 36]. Figure 1 XRD patterns of the as-prepared CdS MPs, G/M-CdS, and GO samples. The morphologies of the as-prepared G/M-CdS composites were characterized by SEM and TEM.

Although a putative siderophore transport system was identified in NTHi strain R2846, no genes with significant FRAX597 ic50 homology to known siderophore biosynthetic genes were detected in the R2846 genomic sequence. The expression of receptor proteins that recognize siderophores produced by other microorganisms (termed xenosiderophores) is a well established characteristic of many bacterial species. These include members of the Pasteurellaceae, as well as most enteric species, Bordetella species, Pseudomonads and the mycobacteria [24, 36–41]. Possession of a system(s) allowing utilization of xenosiderophores may be of benefit to NTHi

strains in the complex polymicrobial environment of the human nasopharynx that this organism colonizes. Species distribution of the fhu genes Since an apparent siderophore uptake associated locus was detected in the genomic sequence of NTHi strain R2846 further analyses JSH-23 research buy were performed to determine how widely this locus is distributed within the species. Initially Blast searches were performed against fourteen NTHi genomic sequences (four complete, eleven in process of assembly) available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information [42], as well as three H. influenzae genomic sequences available at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [43]. Of these seventeen total genomic sequences, five contained a locus

homologous to the fhu locus of strain R2846 (Table 1). The five strains containing a fhu gene cluster were all nontypeable strains and were isolated from various niches; Ureohydrolase the six total strains identified as possessing the fhu locus were respectively isolated from: 1) a middle ear effusion from a child with acute otitis media (strain R2846), 2) middle ear effusions from children with chronic

otitis media (both strains PittEE and PittHH), 3) the nasopharynx of healthy children (both strains 22.4-21 and R3021) and 4) an adult with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (strain 7P49H1). The fhu negative strains also contained examples of strains associated with each of the above listed disease states/niches. In addition the fhu negative strains include a single strain isolated from the external ear canal of a child with otorrhea (PittGG), a nontypeable strain isolated from the blood of a patient with meninigitis (R2866), a tybe b strain isolated from a patient with meningitis (strain 10810) and two isolates of H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius associated with an invasive infection termed TSA HDAC Brazilian purpuric fever [44]. No correlation between disease state/niche and presence of the fhu genes was evident. Table 1 Presence of fhu genes in sequenced H. influenzae strains Strain Sourcea Typeb GenBank Accession No.c fhu locusd Rd KW20 – nt L42023.1 No 86-028NP NP AOM nt CP000057.2 No PittEE MEE COM nt CP000671.1 Yes PittGG Ext. Ear Ott. nt CP000672.1 No 22.

Sample sizes were calculated by using the Minitab statistical package software (Release 14). This study was conducted via retrospective assessment of hospital records of the adult patients who were operated for acute appendicitis in Baskent University, Konya Research and Application Center, Vadimezan between January 2010 and February 2013 and had a pathology report that confirmed the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

A total of 590 patients were included in the AA group. The patients in the control group were selected from healthy adults of similar Caspase Inhibitor VI order age who applied to check-up clinic and had no active complaint, chronic disease, or abnormal physical examination. Age, gender, leukocyte count, and selleck chemicals CRP and RDW levels were recorded. This study is a case controlled retrospective clinical study. Laboratory measurements WBC counts were determined using an electronic cell counter (Cell-Dyne 3700, Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, USA). Serum CRP levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods (Abbott Aeroset, Tokyo, Japan). The expected RDW values in our laboratory ranged between 11.6% and 15.5%. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software. The groups were compared using

the t test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare nonhomogeneous groups in pairs. A simple correlation test (Spearman’s test) was used to observe the correlation between the RDW and other variables. Numeric values were expressed as means ± SD. A P value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 590 patients were included in the AA group and 121 patients were included in the control group, making up a total of 711 subjects. No significant difference was observed between the AA and control groups with respect to age and gender p > 0.05 (Table 1). The mean leukocyte count was 13.5 ± 4.5 (×103/mm3) in the AA group and 7.5 ± 2 (×103/mm3) in the control group. The leukocyte

count was significantly higher in the AA group (p < 0.001). The mean CRP Amino acid level was 48.8 ± 73.6 mg/dL in the AA group and 4.6 ± 4.7 mg/dL in the control group. CRP level in the AA group was significantly higher compared with the control group (p < 0.001). The mean RDW level was 15.4 ± 1.5% in the AA group and 15.9 ± 1.4% in the control group. RDW level was significantly lower in the AA group compared with the control group (p = 0.001) (Table 1). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that the best cutoff point for RDW in the diagnosis of AA was 15.6%, which had a sensitivity of 47% and a specificity of 67%, (area under curve [AUC]: 0,62; Figure 1). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that the best cutoff point for leukocyte count in the diagnosis of AA was 10.