It shows that for seahorses, butterflies and corals over 90% of all exports originate from single countries (Thailand for seahorses, Malaysia for

butterflies and Indonesia for corals) and that invariable the largest exporter typically supplies over 60% of the trade. For all species groups four countries (Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia and China) are the major exporters, and the European Union and Japan have been the most significant importers of wild-caught animals from Southeast Asia in the last decade. AZD5363 Similarly as for the exporters, GSK458 research buy albeit less marked, single countries dominate the markets (e.g. Hong Kong for the import of wild-caught seahorses and other fish and the European Union for wild-caught mammals and birds). China and Singapore, and to a lesser extent Malaysia, are the only Southeast Asian nations that features

prominently as importers of wild-caught wildlife. It appears that China is the end destination for these imports, but Singapore (pangolin and reptile skins) and Malaysia (live birds) are less of consumer countries and—after processing—re-export the majority of their Southeast Asian imports. Table 1 Exports and import of wild caught individuals from Southeast Asia listing for each major taxonomic group the three largest exporters in terms of volume (two if number three exports <1% of the total volume) and the three largest importers Group Total number of individuals LY411575 mouse Exporters Percentage Importers Percentage Butterflies 13 × 103 Malaysia 98 USA 70 China 2 EU 10     Canada

8 Seahorses 16 × 106 Thailand 94 Hong Kong SAR 57 Vietnam 1 Taiwan PoC 24     China 14 Other fish 30 × 103 ifenprodil Malaysia 57 Hong Kong SAR 93 Indonesia 38 China 2 Reptiles 14 × 106 Indonesia 62 Singapore 57 Malaysia 36 EU 12     Japan 7 Mammals 12 × 104 China 77 EU 66 Malaysia 20 Singapore 20 Vietnam 2 Japan 7 Birds 27 × 104 China 61 EU 63 Vietnam 17 Japan 19 Malaysia 14 Malaysia 10 Coral pieces 17 × 106 Indonesia 92 USA 61 Vietnam 7 EU 21     Japan 7 Levels of illegal trade in CITES-listed species the CITES trade database are generally low involving less than a quarter of a million individuals over the ten-year period (Table 2). Over 60% were reported, or re-exported, by Singapore, almost 30% by Malaysia, and ~6% by the USA. The illegal trade through Singapore (reported origin mostly Indonesia) and Malaysia (reported origin mostly Thailand) almost exclusively involved the re-export of reptiles or reptile skins, presumably after being confiscated by the authorities.