(C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Acute leukaemia is a group of rapidly progressing cancers of bone marrow and blood classified as either acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) MDV3100 mw has developed as an adjunct to or replacement for conventional chemotherapy with the aim of improving survival and quality of life.\n\nObjectives: A systematic overview of the best available evidence on the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of SCT in the treatment of acute leukaemia.\n\nData sources: Clinical effectiveness:

electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, were searched from inception to December 2008 to identify published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Science Epigenetic activity inhibition Citation Index (SCI) were searched from 1997 to March 2009 to identify primary studies. Cost-effectiveness: MEDLINE, EM BASE, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) were searched from inception to January 2009.\n\nStudy selection: Potentially

relevant papers were retrieved and independently checked against predefined criteria by two reviewers (one in the case of the cost-effectiveness review).\n\nStudy appraisal: Included reviews and meta-analyses were critically appraised and data extracted and narratively presented. Included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and donor versus no donor (DvND) studies were mapped to the evidence covered in existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses according to a framework of 12 decision problems (DPs): DPI related to SCT in adults with

AML in first complete remission MS-275 solubility dmso (CR1); DP2 to adults with AML in second or subsequent remission or with refractory disease (CR2+); DP3 to children with AML in CRI; DP4 to children with AML in CR2+; DP5 to adults with ALL in CR1; DP6 to adults with ALL in CR2+; DP7 to children with ALL in CR1; DP8 to children with ALL in CR2+; DP9 to comparison of different sources of stem cells in transplantation; DP10 to different conditioning regimens; DP11 to the use of purging in autologous SCT; and DP12 to the use of T-cell depletion in allogeneic SCT.\n\nResults: Fifteen systematic reviews/meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria for the review of clinical effectiveness, thirteen of which were published from 2004 onwards. Taking into account the timing of their publications, most reviews appeared to have omitted an appreciable proportion of potentially available evidence.

Kv2.1(-/-) mice are strikingly hyperactive, and exhibit defects in spatial learning, failing to improve performance in a Morris Water Maze task. Kv2.1(-/-)

mice are hypersensitive to the effects of the convulsants flurothyl and pilocarpine, consistent with a role for Kv2.1 as a conditional suppressor of neuronal activity. Although not prone to spontaneous seizures, Kv2.1(-/-) mice exhibit accelerated seizure progression. Together, these findings suggest homeostatic suppression of elevated neuronal activity by Kv2.1 plays a central role in regulating neuronal network function.”
“Purpose: We evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised version of the Parental Monitoring of Diabetes Care questionnaire (PMDC-R) designed to evaluate parental supervision and monitoring of adolescent diabetes care behaviors. The revised measure was intended to capture a broad range of ways used by parents BIBF 1120 price to gather information about Blebbistatin youth adherence to diabetes care.\n\nMethods: Two hundred sixty-seven caregivers of 12-18-year-old adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed the PMDC-R. Measures of parental knowledge of youth illness management, illness management behavior, and metabolic control were also obtained.\n\nResults: The PMDC-R demonstrated good internal consistency (alpha coefficient

= .91) and test-retest reliability (r = .79, p < .001). Supporting the instrument’s construct validity, a bifactor model with one primary factor and three secondary factors had an acceptable fit to the data (comparative fit index = .92, root mean square error of approximation

= .06). Concurrent validity was also supported. In structural equation models, parental monitoring, as assessed by the PMDC-R, had a significant direct effect on parental knowledge of adolescent diabetes management and, through knowledge, an indirect effect learn more on adolescent diabetes management and metabolic control.\n\nConclusions: The PMDC-R displayed strong psychometric properties and represents an important next step in refining the measurement of parental monitoring for youth with chronic illnesses. (C) 2012 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. All rights”
“Cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) are a promising class of natural products with antibiotic properties. CLPs are amphiphilic molecules, composed of a fatty acid tail linked to a short oligopeptide which form a macrocylic ring structure. This review presents an overview of this class of antibiotics, focusing on the current and potential therapeutic applications and placing particular emphasis on the molecular modes of action of these compounds. (c) 2013 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“Background: When compared with degradation of the predominant (A)-fibrin, lysis of variant -fibrin is delayed. Results: Thrombin-mediated fibrinopeptide B release is slower from -fibrinogen than from (A)-fibrinogen, resulting in delayed binding and activation of plasminogen.

Altogether 295 men (37.7%) died during the 34-year follow-up, and leisure-time physical activity was significantly related to mortality in a step-wise manner: 45.9% (n = 68), 37.7% (n = 150), and 32.6% (n = 77) died in the low, moderate,

and high activity groups, respectively (P < 0.001). With high activity group as referent and adjusted for midlife CVD risk, perceived health and fitness at baseline, hazard ratio PR-171 price for total mortality was 1.21 (95% confidence interval: 0.90, 1.62), and 1.61 (95% confidence interval: 1.13, 2.30) in the moderate and low activity groups, respectively. Conclusion: During the 34-year follow-up, leisure-time physical activity in initially healthy middle-aged men had a graded association with reduced mortality that was independent of CVD risk, glucose and BMI.”
“The potential of enzyme inhibition of a drug is frequency quantified in terms of IC50 values. Although this is a suitable quantity for reversible inhibitors, concerns arise when dealing with irreversible or mechanism-based inhibitors (MBIs). IC50 values of MBIs are time dependent, causing serious problems when aiming at ranking different compounds with respect to their inhibitory potential. As a consequence, Most studies and ranking schemes related to MBIs rely oil the inhibition constant (K-I) and the rate of enzyme inactivation

(k(inact)) rather than on IC50 values. In this article, the authors derive a novel relation between potentially time-dependent HSP990 IC50 values and K-I, k(inact) parameters for different types of inhibition. This allows for direct estimation of K-I and k(inact), values from PKC412 order time-dependent IC50 values, even without the need of additional preincubation experiments. The application of this approach is illustrated Using a fluorimetric assay to access the drug-drug interaction potential associated with new chemical entities. The approach call easily be implemented

Using standard software tools (e.g., XLfit) and may also be suitable for applications where mechanism-based inhibition is a desired mode of action (e.g., at particular pharmacological drug targets). (Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2009:913-923)”
“Endocannabiniods are lipid signalling molecules that are related to the major psychoactive component in marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and are increasingly recognized as being important in implantation and development of early embryos. The endocannabinoid anandamide, is metabolized by the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and insufficient levels of this enzyme have been implicated in spontaneous miscarriage in women and implantation failure in mice.\n\nWe screened placental bed biopsies and placental tissue from 45 women with recurrent miscarriage and 17 gestation-matched women with normal pregnancies for the expression of FAAH by immunohistochemistry.

A cause other than paradoxical embolism was usually apparent in patients with recurrent neurologic events.\n\nConclusions\n\nIn

patients with cryptogenic stroke or TIA who had a patent foramen ovale, closure with a device did not offer a greater Cyclosporin A solubility dmso benefit than medical therapy alone for the prevention of recurrent stroke or TIA. (Funded by NMT Medical; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00201461.)”
“Introduction. Clotting disturbances resulting from chronic renal failure do not remit immediately after successful kidney transplantation (KT’x). Hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications after KTx increase the risk of transplanted kidney loss. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of clotting system disturbances and applied antithrombotic prophylaxis on the development of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications among KTx patients in the early postoperative period.\n\nMaterials and methods. Sixty seven KTx patients underwent measurement of plasma activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); international normalized ratio; fibrinogen 5-Fluoracil and D-dimer concentration; activity of antitrombin III; protein C and S, VIII, IX; and von Willebrand factors, as well as platelet counts.\n\nResults. A perigraft hematoma developed in 25.4% patients, of whom 4.5% required reoperation. Lower antithrombin III

activity (96.2 +/- 27.6 vs 112.3 +/- 17.4, P = .02) on postoperative day (POD) 7 and higher fibrinogen concentration (4.41 +/- 2.03 vs 3.35 +/- 0.87, P = .01) and platelet count (269.8 +/- 117.5 vs 215.8 +/- 64.8, P = .03) on POD 14 were noted in recipients with a hematoma compared to those free of this complication. A perigraft hematoma developed in 57.9% patients undergoing antithrombotic prophylaxis and in 12.5% without this treatment (P = .0002). Among patients receiving unfractionated heparin, we observed extension of APTT on POD 1(45.9 +/- LB-100 research buy 53.2 vs 30.9 +/- 7.5 seconds, P = .04), higher von Willebrand factor activity on POD 7 (348.8 122.2 vs 218.5 +/-

125.5, P = .02), and higher D-dimer concentrations POD 7 and 14 (1662 +/- 894 vs 757 +/- 708, P = .002 and 1614 +/- 1372 vs 672 +/- 532, P = .003, respectively). No significant differences were observed as regards to analyzed parameters between patients receiving low-molecular-weight heparin versus those not receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis.\n\nConclusions. Disturbances in analyzed parameters of hemostasis did not increase the risk of hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications in the early period after KTx. Antithrombotic prophylaxis increases the risk of hemorrhagic complications and should be introduced only for selected renal transplant recipients.”
“Acute bronchiolitis has been associated with an increasing hospitalization rate over the past decades. The aim of this paper was to estimate the impact of home oxygen therapy (HOT) on hospital stay for infants with acute bronchiolitis.

A large body of evidence from both human and animal studies now points to a relationship between circadian disorders and altered metabolic response, suggesting that circadian and metabolic regulatory networks are tightly connected. After a review of the current understanding of the molecular circadian core clock, we will discuss the hypothesis that clock genes themselves

link the core molecular clock and metabolic regulatory DAPT mw networks. We propose that the nuclear receptor and core clock component Rev-erb-alpha behaves as a gatekeeper to timely coordinate the circadian metabolic response.”
“Trypanosomes are parasites that cycle between the insect host (procyclic form) and mammalian host (bloodstream form). These parasites lack conventional transcription regulation, including factors that induce the unfolded protein response (UPR). However, they possess a stress response mechanism, the spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS) pathway. SLS elicits shutoff of spliced leader RNA (SL RNA) transcription by perturbing the binding of the transcription factor tSNAP42 to its cognate promoter, thus eliminating trans-splicing of all mRNAs. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in procyclic trypanosomes elicits changes in the transcriptome similar to those induced by conventional UPR found in other eukaryotes. The mechanism of

up-regulation under ER stress is dependent on differential stabilization of mRNAs. The transcriptome

changes are accompanied by ER dilation and elevation in the ER chaperone, BiP. Z-VAD-FMK Prolonged ER stress induces SLS pathway. RNAi silencing of SEC63, BAY 73-4506 a factor that participates in protein translocation across the ER membrane, or SEC61, the translocation channel, also induces SLS. Silencing of these genes or prolonged ER stress led to programmed cell death (PCD), evident by exposure of phosphatidyl serine, DNA laddering, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increase in cytoplasmic Ca(2+), and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as typical morphological changes observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ER stress response is also induced in the bloodstream form and if the stress persists it leads to SLS. We propose that prolonged ER stress induces SLS, which serves as a unique death pathway, replacing the conventional caspase-mediated PCD observed in higher eukaryotes.”
“Patient-reported outcomes are important for clinical practice and research, and should reflect what patients perceive as important. The objective of this study was to develop and preliminarily validate a brief, patient-derived, disease-specific tool, the pancreatic cancer disease impact (PACADI) score.\n\nThe development was performed in two phases. Forty-one patients with confirmed pancreatic cancer (PC) selected dimensions of health related to the impact of the disease.

Alkalization increased relative cellulose content and exhibited more crystalline due to a rearrangement of the crystalline regions. It also prolonged the degradation of the wheat straw fiber at higher temperatures due to the increased crystallinity of cellulose. Compared with alkalization, acetylation had more effect on the thermal and chemical stability in the wheat straw fiber contributing to a formation of ester bonding. MAPP improved the thermal stability partly because of a lower grafted

ratio of maleic anhydride. Acetylation and MAPP treatment both decreased the crystallinity of the wheat straw fiber. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 3049-3056, 2009″
“Global climate is changing and food production

is buy AZD9291 very sensitive to weather and climate variations. Global assessments of climate change impacts on food production have been made since the early 1990s, initially with little attention to the uncertainties involved. Although there has been abundant analysis of uncertainties in future greenhouse gas emissions and their impacts on the climate system, uncertainties related IPI-549 to the way climate change projections are scaled down as appropriate for different analyses and in modelling crop responses to climate change, have been neglected. This review paper mainly addresses uncertainties in crop impact modelling and possibilities to reduce them. We specifically aim to (i) show ranges of projected climate change-induced impacts on crop yields, (ii) give recommendations on this website use of emission scenarios, climate models, regionalization and ensemble crop model

simulations for different purposes and (iii) discuss improvements and a few known unknowns’ affecting crop impact projections.”
“Selenium (Se) is a key component of iodinases; higher Se levels are associated with lower titers of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO). Pregnancy exerts profound effects on thyroid function and autoimmunity. To assess the relationship of urine Se levels with thyroid function and autoimmunity in pregnant women residing in Athens, Greece, we studied prospectively 47 euthyroid women in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies (mean age + SD: 30+ 5 years) in each trimester, measuring urine Se levels, urine iodine, plasma thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine and triiodothyronine (FT4 and FT3), as well as levels of anti-TPO antibodies. Changes of the measured parameters were assessed over each trimester; thyroid parameters were assessed with relation to Se levels. Urine Se dropped by the third trimester, whereas urine iodine did not change appreciably during pregnancy. TSH and anti-TPO did not show appreciable changes; FT4 and FT3 gradually decreased as the pregnancy advanced. No relationship between urine Se levels and anti-TPO was found. During pregnancy, changes in urine Se levels accompany mild changes in thyroid function.

coli that can serve as both a research tool to study essential gene function and an applied system for antibiotic discovery. Our synthetic protein degradation system is modular, IWR-1-endo research buy does not require disruption of host systems and can be transferred to diverse bacteria with minimal modification.”
“In order to protect bolts from corrosion, electroplating such as zinc plating is widely used. However, hydrogen can easily penetrate or diffuse into the vacancies

and dislocations between the lattices of bolt steel during electroplating. As the diffused hydrogen defects inside the lattice are in gaseous form, small cracks can easily be produced due to high pressure from the hydrogen gas. In this research, in order to determine the root cause of the fracture in pole fastening screws resulting from hydrogen embrittlement in typical electric motors, additional factors

that accelerate hydrogen embrittlement fracture were selectively applied, including a small fillet in the head-shank transition and excessive hardness, and parametric study was performed experimentally. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Crescentin is a bacterial filament-forming protein that exhibits domain organization features found in metazoan intermediate filament (IF) proteins. Structure-function studies of eukaryotic IFs have been hindered by a lack of simple genetic systems and Dinaciclib concentration easily quantifiable phenotypes. Here we exploit the characteristic localization of the crescentin structure along the inner curvature of Caulobacter crescentus cells and the loss of cell curvature associated with impaired crescentin function to analyze the importance of the domain organization of crescentin. By combining biochemistry and ultrastructural analysis in vitro with cellular localization

and functional studies, we show that crescentin requires its distinctive domain organization, and furthermore that different structural elements have distinct structural and functional contributions. The head domain can be functionally subdivided into two subdomains; the first (amino-terminal) is required for function but not assembly, while the second 5-Fluoracil research buy is necessary for structure assembly. The rod domain is similarly required for structure assembly, and the linker L1 appears important to prevent runaway assembly into nonfunctional aggregates. The data also suggest that the stutter and the tail domain have critical functional roles in stabilizing crescentin structures against disassembly by monovalent cations in the cytoplasm. This study suggests that the IF-like behavior of crescentin is a consequence of its domain organization, implying that the IF protein layout is an adaptable cytoskeletal motif, much like the actin and tubulin folds, that is broadly exploited for various functions throughout life from bacteria to humans. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

(C) 2011 Elsevier PARP cancer Inc. All rights reserved. (Am J Cardiol 2011;108:1259-1265)”
“Human guanylate-binding protein 1 (hGBP1) plays an important role in antitumor and antiviral immune responses. Here, we show that tumor suppressor p53 positively regulated hGBP1 transcription via binding to the p53 response element (p53RE) present in the hGBP1 promoter region. p53 activation by 5-fluorouracil significantly increased hGBP1 expression in wild-type

p53 cells, but not in p53-null cells. Knockdown of p53 expression remarkably impaired hGBP1 expression induced by 5-fluorouracil, type I interferon treatment, or influenza A virus infection. Among three deductive p53REs present in the hGBP1 promoter region, two p53REs were found to be transactivated by p53. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Conformationally constrained analogue synthesis was undertaken to aid in pharmacophore

mapping and 3D-QSAR analysis of nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (NBMPR) congeners as LY2835219 chemical structure equilibriative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) inhibitors. In our previous study [J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 831-837], novel regioisomeric nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline conformationally constrained analogues of NBMPR were synthesized and evaluated as ENT1 ligands. 7-NO2-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquino-2-yl purine riboside was identified as the analogue with the nitro group in the best orientation at the NBMPR binding site of ENT1. In the present study, further conformational constraining was introduced by synthesizing 5′-O,8-cyclo derivatives. The flow cytometrically determined binding affinities indicated that the additional 5′-O, 8-cyclo constraining was unfavorable for binding to the ENT1 transporter. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) acquired was applied to pharmacophore mapping using the PHASE program. The best pharmacophore

hypothesis obtained embodied an anti-conformation with three hydrogen-bond acceptors, one hydrophobic center, and two aromatic rings involving the 3′-OH, 4′-oxygen, the NO2 group, the benzyl phenyl and the imidazole and pyrimidine portions of the purine ring, respectively. A PHASE 3D-QSAR model derived with this pharmacophore yielded https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-1-pd-l1-inhibitor-3.html an r(2) of 0.916 for four (4) PLS components, and an excellent external test set predictive r(2) of 0.78 for 39 compounds. This pharmacophore was used for molecular alignment in a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) 3D-QSAR study that also afforded a predictive model with external test set validation predictive r(2) of 0.73. Thus, although limited, this study suggests that the bioactive conformation for NBMPR at the ENT1 transporter could be anti. The study has also suggested an ENT1 inhibitory pharmacophore, and established a predictive CoMFA 3D-QSAR model that might be useful for novel ENT1 inhibitor discovery and optimization. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Parameters of genetic variation, viz., allele diversity, observed heterozygosity, gene diversity and population inbreeding estimates, were calculated for the six breeds. The allele diversity ranged from 6.40 to 7.92, whereas the gene diversity varied from 0.617 to 0.727. The highest allele MEK162 chemical structure and gene diversity was observed for Nellore sheep, while the lowest was exhibited by Garole breed. Within population inbreeding estimate (F(IS)) revealed a significant deficit of heterozygotes in Deccani, Madgyal, Nellore and Garole, whereas Ganjam and Chhotanagpuri sheep showed an excess of heterozygotes. The contribution of each breed to the total

diversity of the breeds was quantified by the Weitzman approach. The marginal loss of diversity incurred with removal of Nellore and Garole breeds was higher (>27%), whereas removal of Deccani breed resulted in lowest loss of diversity (3.84%) from the set. Estimation of the genetic differentiation (F(ST)) and genetic distance (D(A)) between the pairs of breeds revealed a close relationship between Deccani and Madgyal sheep (F(ST)=0.017; D(A)=0.080) and greatest demarcation between Madgyal and Garole breeds (F(ST)=0.110; D(A)=0.622). The information Anlotinib ic50 generated would help in shaping genetic management and conservation programs for the sheep breeds under consideration.”
“The complete mitochondrial genome of Ophisaurus harti is

a circular molecule of 17,163 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a control region. The A + T content of the overall base composition of H-strand is 54.9% (T: 23.4%; C: 30.8%; A: 31.5%; G: 14.3%). COI gene begins with GTG as start codon, while other DAPT research buy 12 protein-coding genes start with a typical ATG initiation codon. ND1, COI, ATP8, ATP6, ND4L and ND5 genes are terminated with TAA as stop codon, ND2, ND6 and Cyt b end with TAG, COIII ends with TA, COII and ND3 end with T and ND4 ends with TG.”
“The aim of the current study was to determine the frequency of mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7) in a cohort of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

(HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and their families, and to investigate correlations between genotype and phenotype. About 130 consecutive patients diagnosed with HCM or DCM (69 with HCM and 61 with DCM) attending the cardiology clinic of Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research were screened for mutations in the MYH7 gene. The control group for genetic studies consisted of 100 healthy subjects. We report 14 mutations in 6 probands (5 probands in HCM and 1 proband in DCM) and their family members. Out of these 6 mutations, 3 are new and are being reported for the first time. One known mutation (p.Gly716Arg) was found to be “de novo” which resulted in severe asymmetric septal hypertrophy (31 mm) and resulted in the sudden cardiac death (SCD) of the proband at the age of 21 years.

Here, we review the roles of these kinases in short-term memory formation, memory

consolidation, memory storage, retrieval, reconsolidation, and extinction. Specifically, we discuss the roles of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), the calcium/calmodulin kinase cascade, extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, and protein kinase M zeta (PKM zeta). Although these kinases are important for learning Acalabrutinib nmr and memory processes, much remains to be learned as to how they act. Therefore, it will be important to identify and characterize the critical phosphorylation substrates so that a sophisticated understanding of learning and memory processes will be achieved. This will also allow for a systematic analysis of dysfunctional kinase activity in mental disorders.”
“Background: Activation of GABA(B) receptors BYL719 with baclofen into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) induces ingestion of water and 0.3 M NaCl in fluid replete rats. However, up to now, no study has investigated the effects of baclofen injected alone or combined with GABA(B) receptor antagonist into the LPBN on water and 0.3 M NaCl intake in rats with increased plasma osmolarity (rats treated with an intragastric load of 2 M NaCl). Male Wistar rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted

bilaterally into the LPBN were used.\n\nResults: In fluid replete rats, baclofen (0.5 nmol/0.2 mu l), bilaterally injected into the LPBN, induced ingestion

of 0.3 M NaCl (14.3 +/- 4.1 vs. saline: 0.2 +/- 0.2 ml/210 min) and water (7.1 +/- 2.9 vs. saline: 0.6 +/- 0.5 ml/210 min). In cell-dehydrated rats, bilateral injections of baclofen (0.5 and 1.0 nmol/0.2 mu l) into the LPBN induced an increase of 0.3 M NaCl intake (15.6 +/- 5.7 and CBL0137 Apoptosis inhibitor 21.5 +/- 3.5 ml/210 min, respectively, vs. saline: 1.7 +/- 0.8 ml/210 min) and an early inhibition of water intake (3.5 +/- 1.4 and 6.7 +/- 2.1 ml/150 min, respectively, vs. saline: 9.2 +/- 1.4 ml/150 min). The pretreatment of the LPBN with 2-hydroxysaclofen (GABA(B) antagonist, 5 nmol/0.2 mu l) potentiated the effect of baclofen on 0.3 M NaCl intake in the first 90 min of test and did not modify the inhibition of water intake induced by baclofen in cell-dehydrated rats. Baclofen injected into the LPBN did not affect blood pressure and heart rate.\n\nConclusions: Thus, injection of baclofen into the LPBN in cell-dehydrated rats induced ingestion of 0.3 M NaCl and inhibition of water intake, suggesting that even in a hyperosmotic situation, the blockade of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms with baclofen is enough to drive rats to drink hypertonic NaCl, an effect independent of changes in blood pressure.”
“In species with external development, egg placement is expected to impact the fitness of females and males via offspring survival. Both environmental and social cues influence the placement of eggs.