The intelligence quotient (IQ) of older children exposed to CBZ (n = 150) was not lower than that

of children born to women without epilepsy (n = 552) (MD -0.03, 95% CI -3.08 to 3.01, P = 0.98). Similarly, children exposed to CBZ (n = 163) were not poorer in terms of IQ in comparison to the children of women with untreated epilepsy (n = 87) (MD 1.84, 95% CI -2.13 to 5.80, P = 0.36). The DQ in children exposed to sodium valproate (VPA) (n = 123) was lower than the DQ in children of women with untreated epilepsy (n = 58) (MD -8.72, 95% -14.31 to -3.14, P = 0.002). The IQ of children exposed to VPA (n = 76) was lower than for children born to women without selleck screening library epilepsy (n = 552) (MD -8.94, 95% CI -11.96 to -5.92, P smaller than 0.00001). Children exposed to VPA (n = 89) also had lower IQ than children born to women with untreated epilepsy (n = 87) (MD -8.17, 95% CI -12.80 to -3.55, P = 0.0005). In terms of drug comparisons,

in younger children there was no significant difference in the DQ of children exposed to CBZ (n = 210) versus VPA (n= 160) (MD 4.16, 95% CI -0.21 to 8.54, P = 0.06). However, the IQ of children exposed to VPA (n = 112) was significantly lower than for those exposed to CBZ (n = 191) (MD 8.69, 95% CI 5.51 to 11.87, P smaller than 0.00001). The IQ Akt inhibitor of children exposed to CBZ (n = 78) versus lamotrigine (LTG) (n = 84) was not significantly different (MD -1.62, 95% CI -5.44 to 2.21, P = 0.41). There was no significant difference in the DQ of children exposed to CBZ (n = 172) versus phenytoin (PHT) (n = 87) (MD 3.02, 95% CI -2.41 to 8.46, P = 0.28). The IQ abilities of children exposed to CBZ (n = 75) were not different from the abilities of children exposed to PHT (n = 45) (MD -3.30, 95% CI -7.91 to 1.30, P = 0.16). IQ was significantly lower for children exposed to VPA (n = 74) versus LTG (n = 84) (MD -10.80, 95% CI -14.42 to -7.17, P smaller than 0.00001). DQ was higher

in children exposed to PHT (n = 80) versus VPA (n = 108) Selleckchem Nepicastat (MD 7.04, 95% CI 0.44 to 13.65, P = 0.04). Similarly IQ was higher in children exposed to PHT (n = 45) versus VPA (n = 61) (MD 9.25, 95% CI 4.78 to 13.72, P smaller than 0.0001). A dose effect for VPA was reported in six studies, with higher doses (800 to 1000 mg daily or above) associated with a poorer cognitive outcome in the child. We identified no convincing evidence of a dose effect for CBZ, PHT or LTG. Studies not included in the meta-analysis were reported narratively, the majority of which supported the findings of the meta-analyses. Authors’ conclusions The most important finding is the reduction in IQ in the VPA exposed group, which are sufficient to affect education and occupational outcomes in later life. However, for some women VPA is the most effective drug at controlling seizures. Informed treatment decisions require detailed counselling about these risks at treatment initiation and at pre-conceptual counselling.

05). PIWIL2 expression was also associated with tumor-node-metastasis stage and differentiation. PIWIL2 was an independent prognostic factor after radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.”
“beta-Ketoacyl-acyl SCH727965 price carrier protein synthase III (FabH) catalyzes the initial step of fatty acid

biosynthesis via a type II fatty acid synthase in most bacteria. The important role of this essential enzyme combined with its unique structural features and ubiquitous occurrence in bacteria has made it an attractive new target for the development of new FabH inhibitors. The synthesis and biological evaluation halide-deoxybenzoins derivatives are described in this Letter. Potent FabH inhibitory and selective anti-Gram-negative bacteria activities were observed in deoxybenzoin derivatives. Furthermore, compound 19 was able to reduce the ECE-induced IL-8 production in gastric mucosal cells significantly. Based on the

biological data and molecular docking, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly-411575.html compound 19 is a potential FabH inhibitor and anti-inflammatory agent deserving further research. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Ultrafine fibers consisting of blends of polyaniline doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid and poly(L-lactic acid) were prepared by electrospinning. The presence of polyaniline resulted in fibers with diameters as thin as 100-200 rim and a significant reduction of bead formation. These fibers were visually homogeneous, and this indicated good interactions between the components of the polyaniline/poly(L-lactic acid) blend. The high interaction between the components and the rapid evaporation of the solvent during electrospinning resulted in nanofibers with a lower degree of crystallinity in comparison with cast films. The electrical conductivity of the electrospun fiber mats was lower than that of blend films produced by casting, probably because of the lower degree of crystallinity of the polyaniline dispersion and the high porosity

of the nonwoven mat. This novel system opens up new and interesting opportunities for applications in NVP-LDE225 mouse biomedical devices, biodegradable materials, and sensors, among other things. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 744-753, 2009″
“Autoimmune diseases have several etiologies. Acute Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. In this study, 82 patients with several autoimmune diseases and 70 controls were enrolled, and acute C. pneumoniae infection has been evaluated by monitoring the levels of IgM antibody. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgM positive results were observed in 29% (P < 0.05) of the patients with several autoimmune diseases and in 10% of the controls. Chlamydia pneumoniae IgM positive cases were more frequent among the patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 30%, P < 0.05), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 28.0%, P < 0.

This Suggests that there is MEK-independent activation of MAPK in the SCF-induced ovarian cancer cell growth process, and that MEK1 still learn more plays a Crucial

role in maintaining the malignant properties of ovarian cancer cells even when it fails to activate MAPK as expected. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Context: Genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and MAPK pathways have not been fully defined in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers [ anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC)].\n\nObjective: The objective of the study was to explore a wide-range genetic basis for the involvement of these pathways in ATC.\n\nDesign: We examined mutations and copy number gains of a large panel of genes in these pathways and corresponding phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK) and Akt.\n\nResults: We found frequent copy gains of RTK genes, including EGFR, PDGFR alpha and -beta, VEGFR1 and 2, KIT, and MET and in PIK3Ca, PIK3Cb, and PDK1 genes in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Mutations of Ras, PIK3Ca, PTEN, and BRAF genes and RET/PTC this website rearrangements were common,

whereas mutations in PDK1, Akt1, Akt2, and RTK genes were uncommon in ATC. Overall, 46 of 48 ATC (95.8%) harbored at least one genetic alteration, and coexistence of two or more was seen in 37 of 48 ATC (77.1%). These genetic alterations were somewhat less common in FTC. Genetic alterations that could activate both the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways were found in 39 of 48 ATC (81.3%). RTK gene copy gains were

preferentially associated with p-Akt, suggesting their dominant role in activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. The phosphorylation of Akt was far more common than p-ERK in FTC, and both were relatively PLX4032 price common and often coexisted in ATC.\n\nConclusions: Genetic alterations in the RTKs and PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways are extremely prevalent in ATC and FTC, providing a strong genetic basis for an extensive role of these signaling pathways and the development of therapies targeting these pathways for ATC and FTC, particularly the former.”
“Water dispersible stable gold nanoparticles (AuNps) have been synthesized by using calix[4]pyrrole octa-hydrazide (CPOH) as a reducing as well as stabilizing agent. CPOH-AuNps have been characterized by surface plasmon resonance, particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy. CPOH-AuNps are water dispersible, highly stable for more than 150 days at neutral pH with a size of less than 10 nm and zeta potential of 15 +/- 2 MeV. Ion sensing property of CPOH-AuNps has been investigated for various metal ions Pb(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), Hg(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) by colorimetry and spectro-fluorimetry. Among all the metal ions investigated, only Co(II) ions gives sharp colour change from ruby red to blue and is easily detectable by naked-eye. CPOH-AuNps being fluorescent in nature also shows great sensitivity and selectivity for Co(II) ions.

The patterns of cross-reactivities and discriminations varied with the serotype.\n\nConclusions: The results should help better understand the IgM immune response and protection against DENV since ED3 is widely used LY3039478 as an antigen in diagnostic assays and an immunogen in vaccine candidates.”
“The interaction between pentobarbital and human

serum albumin has been investigated. The basic binding interaction was studied by UV-absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. From spectral analysis pentobarbital showed a strong ability to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through a static quenching procedure. The binding constant (k) is estimated at 1.812 x 10(4) M(-1) at 293 K. FT-IR spectroscopy with Fourier self-deconvolution technique was used to determine the protein secondary structure and drug binding mechanisms. The observed spectral changes of HSA-pentobarbital complex indicate a larger intensity decrease in the absorption band of alpha-helix relative to that of beta-sheets. This variation in intensity is related indirectly to the formation of H-bonding in the complex molecules, which accounts for the different intrinsic propensities of alpha-helix and beta-sheets. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: In this paper a new non-invasive, operator-free, continuous ventricular stroke volume monitoring device (Hemodynamic click here Cardiac Profiler, HCP) is presented, that measures

the average stroke volume (SV) for each period of 20 seconds, as well as ventricular volume-time curves for each cardiac cycle, using a new electric method (Ventricular Field Recognition) with six independent electrode pairs distributed over the frontal thoracic skin. In contrast to existing non-invasive electric methods, our method does not use the algorithms of impedance or bioreactance cardiography. BMS-754807 research buy Instead, our method is based on specific 2D spatial patterns on the thoracic skin, representing the distribution, over the thorax, of changes in the applied current field caused by cardiac volume changes during the cardiac cycle. Since total heart volume variation during the cardiac

cycle is a poor indicator for ventricular stroke volume, our HCP separates atrial filling effects from ventricular filling effects, and retrieves the volume changes of only the ventricles.\n\nMethods: ex-vivo experiments on a post-mortem human heart have been performed to measure the effects of increasing the blood volume inside the ventricles in isolation, leaving the atrial volume invariant (which can not be done in-vivo). These effects have been measured as a specific 2D pattern of voltage changes on the thoracic skin. Furthermore, a working prototype of the HCP has been developed that uses these ex-vivo results in an algorithm to decompose voltage changes, that were measured in-vivo by the HCP on the thoracic skin of a human volunteer, into an atrial component and a ventricular component, in almost real-time (with a delay of maximally 39 seconds).

\n\nResults: The perifilamentary beta-galactosidase expression as well as the collagen type I/III ratio increased up to the 90th day for all mesh modifications, whereas no significant changes could be observed for MMP-2 protein expression between days 21 and 90. Both the 5 and 8 mu g/mg gentamicin group showed significantly reduced levels of beta-galactosidase expression and MMP-2 positive stained VX-770 nmr cells when compared to the PVDF group on day 7, 21 and 90 respectively

(5 mu g/mg: p < 0.05 each; 8 mu g/mg: p < 0.05 each). Though the type I/III collagen ratio increased over time for all mesh modifications significant differences to the PVDF mesh were only detected for the 8 mu g/mg group at all 3 time points (p < 0.05 each).\n\nConclusions: Our current data indicate that lack of RE-1 is correlated with increased mesh induced MMP-2-gene expression for coated as well as for non-coated mesh materials. Gentamicin coating reduced MMP-2 transcription and protein expression.

For the 8 mu g/mg group this effect is associated with an increased type I/III collagen ratio. These findings suggest that gentamicin is beneficial for tissue integration after mesh implantation, which possibly is mediated via RE-1.”
“Currently, food industries need rapidly available information related to food production while most lab-based instrumentation techniques are often complicated Autophagy pathway inhibitors and expensive for real-time application. Studies show that the measurement of rheological characteristics of dough is a relevant control variable for the proper formulation of ingredients and bread-making additives. It is in this context that this work AZD1208 in vivo aims to present an alternative method for real-time monitoring of the evolution of the dough behavior during processing with telemetry form. The dough behavior is monitored through the changes in the electrical properties

of the motor as affected by the properties of the machine torque that makes the mixture. Results of this work showed that it is possible to record dough deformation during mixing in real time and also demonstrated how wireless technology can contribute to the quality control of a food processing system.”
“Mixed tumor of the vagina is a rare benign neoplasm that is composed of epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The majority of tumors are asymptomatic and simple tumor excision is curative. We report a case with pathological confirmation that was seen in a 42-year-old woman. On ultrasound examination the lesion appeared as an ovoid hypoechoic mass, 2.0 x 2.7 cm in size, arising from the lower third of the vagina. The lesion was well defined, solid and showed diffuse hypervascularity on color flow images. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvis showed a well-circumscribed ovoid mass (2.0 x 2.5 cm) on the left lateral vaginal wall.

“
“The localization of phosphorylation sites in peptide sequences is a challenging problem in large-scale phosphoproteomics analysis. The intense neutral loss peaks and the coexistence of multiple serine/threonine and/or tyrosine residues are limiting factors for objectively

scoring site patterns across thousands of peptides. Various computational approaches for phosphorylation site localization have been proposed, Duvelisib order including Ascore, Mascot Delta score, and ProteinProspector, yet few address direct estimation of the false localization rate (FLR) in each experiment. Here we propose LuciPHOr, a modified target-decoy-based approach that uses mass accuracy and peak intensities for site localization scoring and FLR estimation. Accurate estimation of the FLR is a difficult task at the individual-site level because

the degree of uncertainty in localization varies significantly across different peptides. LuciPHOr carries out simultaneous localization on all candidate sites in each peptide and estimates the FLR based on the target-decoy framework, where decoy phosphopeptides generated by placing artificial phosphorylation(s) on non-candidate residues compete with the non-decoy phosphopeptides. LuciPHOr also reports approximate site-level confidence scores for all candidate sites as a means to localize additional sites from multiphosphorylated peptides in which localization can be partially achieved. Unlike the existing tools, LuciPHOr is compatible with any search engine output processed through the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline. We evaluated the performance selleck products of LuciPHOr in terms of the sensitivity and accuracy of FLR estimates using two synthetic phosphopeptide libraries and a phosphoproteomic dataset generated from complex mouse brain samples.”
“Introduction: Bacterial check details resistance to third generation cephalosporins due to Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) production is a major drug-resistance

issue. The present work was undertaken to investigate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon, clove, garlic, tulsi and neem essential oils and their bioactive compounds against pathogenic ESBL producing bacteria. Methodology: ESBL producing property of the bacteria as well as antibacterial activity of essential oils and the effective bioactive compound(s) against them was investigated by disc diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of bioactive compound(s) and their interaction with ESBL proteins were determined by macro-broth dilution and molecular docking method, respectively. Results: Out of 134 pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, 57.8% Escherichia coli and 50.6% Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated ESBL property. Cinnamon and clove oil exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against these ESBL isolates than tulsi, garlic or neem oil.

“
“The authors report the inter-rater reliability and factor structure of the Short Problem Behaviors Assessment (PBA-s), a semistructured interview to measure severity and frequency of behavioral problems in Huntington’s disease. Video recordings of 410 PBA-s interviews were rescored by an independent rater, and Cohen’s kappa

calculated to assess inter-rater Cyclosporin A reliability. The mean kappa was 0.74 for severity and 0.76 for frequency scores, whereas weighted kappa (allowing scores to differ by 1 point) was 0.94 for severity and 0.92 for frequency scores. The results of factor analysis were consistent with previous studies using other measures. The authors conclude that the PBA-s is a reliable measure.”
“Puberty in pigs is often delayed during late summer and autumn, with long daylength the most likely cause. We hypothesised (1) that gilts born around the shortest day would have a later release from the negative feedback actions of estradiol than gilts born around the spring equinox and (2) melatonin treatment would result in an earlier release from estradiol negative feedback and advance the onset of puberty in gilts born around the spring equinox. We first determined the optimal number of estradiol implants required 5-Fluoracil nmr to monitor the release from estradiol negative feedback in ovariectomised gilts. Secondly we determined whether melatonin implants altered negative feedback

in 4 cohorts of ovariectomised gilts born between the winter solstice and spring equinox, and in the following year whether melatonin altered the time of the first ovulation in 5 cohorts of intact gilts born between the winter solstice and spring equinox. Plasma LH and FSH

increased between 126 and 210 d of age (P smaller than 0.001) in each cohort (season), but there was no effect of cohort, melatonin treatment or interactions (P bigger than 0.05). click here Age at first detection of elevated plasma progesterone in untreated, intact gilts decreased across the 4 cohorts (P smaller than 0.05). Melatonin treatment of intact gilts failed to advance the age of puberty irrespective of their season of birth (P bigger than 0.05). In conclusion, while we confirmed that estradiol sensitivity is decreased as gilts age, we failed to demonstrate any effects of season or melatonin on estradiol feedback or melatonin on puberty. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“During the last two decades, several exciting reports have provided many advances in the role and biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid (AsA) and tocochromanols, including tocopherols and tocotrienols, in higher plants. There are increasing bodies of experimental evidence that demonstrate that AsA and tocochromanols (especially tocopherols) play an important role as antioxidants and nutrients in mammals and photosynthetic organisms and are also involved in plant responses to stimuli.

The presence of ankyrin G seems to be required for the acquisition and maintenance of the cisternal organelle, while the integrity of the actin

cytoskeleton must be maintained for the expression IP(3)R1 and annexin 6 to persist in the AIS. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A highly efficient three-component reaction of 2-formyl benzoic acid, ammonia and 4-hydroxycoumarin or indole in water was developed. With this highly environmentally check details benign protocol, a series of isoindolinone derivatives were efficiently produced in good to excellent yields.”
“In the ant species Tetramorium caespitum, collective foraging relies on group mass communication in which successful scouts lay a recruitment trail but also guide a group of nestmates to the food source. We conducted experiments to understand how group leaders may improve the success of recruits in reaching the food source and whether they adjust their leading behaviour to their audience, that is, to the following response of recruits along the foraging journey. We characterized the trajectories of leaders by measuring their straightness, angular deviation, maximal amplitude and walking speed. Trajectometric values highlighted that a straight path coupled with a slow walking speed increased the probability of followers reaching the food whereas

leaders that walked at higher speed and deviated far selleck products from the food-nest beeline were more likely to lose recruits. Leaders did not seem to heed their audience since they did not reduce their speed or their path sinuosity after the loss of a recruit along their outbound journey. Information transfer about food resources by T. caespitum leaders is thus targeted towards a restricted number of recruits but without the informed individuals exerting any control over

the following response of their audience. learn more We discuss strengths and weaknesses of group recruitment compared with simpler or more sophisticated forms of information sharing and we debate the status of group recruiters regarding the concept of leadership in animal groups. (C) 2014 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: The increasing number of older adults with dementia is a large and growing public health problem. Alzheimer’s disease, the prevailing form of dementia, is projected to quadruple worldwide. To date, the care and social integration of individuals with dementia is complicated by limited collaborations between biomedicine and other disciplines. The objective of this paper is therefore to reflect on the orientation of biomedicine with regard to the science of dementia, and to articulate a path for moving forward.

(C) 2010 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The desired outcome of the victim identification component of a mass fatality event is correct identification of deceased persons in a timely manner allowing legal and social closure for relatives of the victims. Quality Management across all aspects of the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) structure facilitates this process. Quality Management Bafilomycin A1 cell line in forensic odontology is the understanding and implementation of a methodology that ensures collection, collation and preservation of the maximum amount of available dental data and the appropriate interpretation of that data to achieve outcomes to a standard expected by the DVI instructing authority, impacted parties and the forensic odontology specialist community. Managerial pre-event planning responsibility, via an odontology coordinator, includes setting a chain of command, developing and reviewing standard operating procedures (SOP), ensuring use of current scientific methodologies and staff training. During a DVI managerial responsibility includes tailoring SOP to the specific situation, ensuring member accreditation, encouraging inter-disciplinary cooperation and ensuring security of odontology data and work site. Individual responsibilities include the ability

to work within a team, accept peer review, and share individual Selleckchem Rabusertib members’ skill sets to achieve the best outcome. These responsibilities also include adherence to chain of command and the SOP, maintenance of currency of knowledge and recognition of professional boundaries of expertise. This article highlights issues of Quality Management pertaining particularly to forensic odontology but can also be extrapolated to all DVI actions.”
“This article addresses the clinical application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography

(CT) as applied to the standing equine patient. This discussion includes the logistics, advantages, Selleckchem MEK inhibitor disadvantages, and limitations of imaging a standing horse. In addition, a brief review is given of the physics of these modalities as applied in clinical practice, and the currently available hardware and software required by these techniques for image acquisition and artifact reduction. The appropriate selection of clinical cases for standing MRI and CT is reviewed, focusing on cases that are capable of undergoing standing surgeries following lesion diagnosis.”
“A full-field, multi-axial computation technique is described for determining residual stresses using the hole-drilling method with DIC. The computational method takes advantage of the large quantity of data available from full-field images to ameliorate the effect of modest deformation sensitivity of DIC measurements. It also provides uniform residual stress sensitivity in all in-plane directions and accounts for artifacts that commonly occur within experimental measurements.

colemani and 5, 10, 20, 30 or 50 aphids for A. asychis. More M. persicae were parasitized by A. colemani than by A. asychis CP-868596 manufacturer at an aphid density of 50. Among the three types of functional response, type III best described the parasitoid response to the host densities both in A. colemani and A. asychis. The estimated handling time was shorter for A. colemani than for A. asychis (0.017 and 0.043 d, respectively). The proportion of aphids that were parasitized exhibited the same characteristic curve among the three host-parasitoid combinations: a wave form that appeared to be a composite of a decelerating (as in type II) response at low host

density and an accelerating-and-decelerating (as in type III) response at medium to high host density.

We hypothesize that the novel host species (and its host plant), density-dependent superparasitism, and/or density-dependent host-killing may have induced the modified type III response.”
“The development of green and efficient methods to transform lignin into fuels and high value-added chemicals is of great importance. In this work, we studied one-pot sequential oxidation and aldol-condensation reactions of veratryl alcohol in a basic ionic Liquid (BIL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 5-nitrobenzimidazolide, which acted as the solvent and provided the basic conditions required for the reactions. The effects of different factors such as the type of catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature, and the amount of BIL AZD4547 cost on the oxidation reaction were investigated. It was demonstrated that the catalytic performance of individual Ru@ZIF-8 Vactosertib price (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) or CuO was very poor for the oxidation of veratryl

alcohol to veratryl aldehyde. Interestingly, Ru@ZIF-8 + CuO was very efficient for the oxidation reaction and a high yield of veratryl aldehyde could be obtained, indicating the excellent synergistic effect of the two catalysts in the BIL. The veratryl aldehyde generated by the oxidation of veratryl alcohol could react directly with acetone to form 3,4-dimethoxybenzylideneacetone by aldol-condensation reaction catalyzed by the BIL in high yield.”
“Introduction: This study examines use of the commitment-to-change model (CTC) and explores the role of confidence in evaluating change associated with participation in an interprofessional education (IPE) symposium. Participants included students, faculty, and practitioners in the health professions. Methods: Satisfaction with the symposium and levels of commitment and confidence in implementing a change were assessed with a post-questionnaire and a follow-up questionnaire distributed 60 days later. Participants who reported changed behavior were compared with those who did not make a change. Independent sample t-tests determined whether there were differences between groups in their average level of commitment and/or confidence immediately following the symposium and at follow-up.