microplus in China [58]. Detection of the

selleck R. microplus -associated Borrelia in the gut and ovary reported here parallels the systemic infection with B. theileri where no adverse effects were observed in tick viability [33, 59]. Like the Borrelia DNA sequences detected in this study, specific identification awaits for other Borrelia microbes isolated from R. microplus in diverse geographic locations [60–62]. However, R. microplus may be acting as a bridging vector facilitating the transmission of microbes across vertebrate hosts and possibly influencing ecological and evolutionary aspects of their natural history. The degree of similarity at the nucleotide level between a Mexican isolate of B. theileri and Borrelia spp. infecting A. americanum from the Northeast region of the USA suggests recent divergence [63]. Because white-tailed deer and cattle used to be sympatric throughout the southern USA prior to 1943, which is when cattle ticks were officially eradicated, it has been hypothesized that spirochetes infecting A. americanum may represent a host shift of B. theileri as R. microplus could have transmitted the spirochete to both ungulate hosts [64]. A Borrelia spp. detected in R. microplus from

Brazil was shown to be closely related to B. theileri and Borrelia lonestari and the cattle tick-deer relationship was suggested as a natural process for the spread and/or maintenance of Borrelia spp. [65]. Although bacteria in the genus Wolbachia are generally found in reproductive tissues, the R. microplus -associated Wolbachia Alpelisib solubility dmso was not detected in ovarian tissue, but in the two adult female ticks assayed individually. Since ticks from a laboratory colony established in 1999 were the source of the ovarian tissue samples, it is plausible that Glutathione peroxidase Wolbachia infection was lost during the colonization process. It is also possible that laboratory rearing conditions allowed the Coxiella strain in the R. microplus ovaries sampled to out-compete pre-existing Wolbachia microbes with the eventual loss of infection in La Minita strain. Detection of the Wolbachia- type microbe in adult female ticks does not necessarily

mean that the ovary was the only tissue infected. Disseminated Wolbachia infection has been documented in other arthropod vector species and similar events were reported for a Coxiella endosymbiont infecting A. americanum where the salivary glands were also infected [50, 66]. The EVP4593 solubility dmso possibility for horizontal transmission would exist if Wolbachia infection of the R. microplus salivary glands were to occur. The horizontal transmission of Wolbachia microbes has been documented to occur more often than previously thought [67–69]. However, it has been shown in mosquitoes that the size of Wolbachia symbionts would prevent its free passage through the salivary ducts [70]. The functional relevance of our findings and observations needs to be tested.

This suggests the production of IL-17 and reduction in IL-6 and INF-Υ expression in host tissue when NP-51 Mizoribine manufacturer is present may reduce the proliferation of Proteobacteria and Bacterioidetes organisms that otherwise contribute to chronic gut inflammation.

Our data demonstrate NP-51 to be a beneficial gut microbe which adds to systemic host health by promoting healthful microbes in the intestinal tract that produce immune responses necessary towards homeostasis of the gut and immune system- reactions essential for reducing MAP associated disease and pathogenesis. Probiotics have a variety of contributive effects, including the regulation of inflammation and the composition of extracellular flora in the lumen of the intestine. Through our results we were able to observe such changes in the host through the addition of NP-51 to rodent diets. However, benefits towards reducing MAP- an intracellular pathogen- were less evident in this study. These results may complement

other areas of probiotic research which demonstrate reductions in MAP through the use of “unconventional bacteria”- meaning probiotics able to specifically effect intracellular pathogens [34–36]. Recent studies conducted by Click et al., show reductions in MAP concentrations in dairy cattle through the use Detzia subspecies (C79793-74) [37]. This organism is able to reduce MAP concentrations in in utero infected animals compared 4SC-202 mouse Montelukast Sodium to most probiotics which effect extracellular loads [37]. Most studies on MAP have been focused toward eliminating mucosal inflammation and ulceration. Our studies on NP-51 support a variety of effects that appear to control this secondary inflammation. As such, this further reinforces ideas of combining probiotic organisms with differing mechanisms of action to benefit host health. Here, NP-51 is able to reduce gastrointestinal inflammation due to MAP infection; combining NP-51 with other successful probiotics that trigger reductions in pathogen proliferation could increase these benefits.

Conclusions There is compounding evidence to suggest that diseases due to chronic inflammation- including CD, autoimmune disorders, and asthma- share similar mechanisms of cell-mediated immune responses [9, 23, 30–32]. Several studies have shown that having symptoms of chronic inflammation: tissue swelling, high immune cell responsiveness, production of ROS contribute to increased oxidative stress – leading to harmful effects in host tissues [30–32]. As the Salubrinal order incidence of inflammatory diseases (like asthma, atherosclerosis, diabetes, IBS and obesity) increase in Western nations, some groups have shown the early use of antibiotics can change the composition of microorganisms in the gut, causing increased T-cell mediated responses in airways that then cause asthma [27].

Panels D, E, and F show ARS-1 strain. Panels G, H, I show ALG-00-530 strain. Panels J, K, and L display ALG-02-36 strain. Panels A, D, G, and J show cells at day 1 (scale bar 10 μm); panels B, E, H, and K display 7 days starved cells (scale bar 5 μm); panels C, F, I, and L show 14 day starved cells (scale bar 1 μm). Figure 2 shows how the cell morphology shifted from long and thin rods to coiled forms at 14 days. Data on ATCC 23643 strain could not be analyzed due to the matrix that covered the cells making morphotype ascription unfeasible. At day 1, there were not significant differences

between mean percent of bacillus forms observed in ARS-1, ALG-00-530, and ALG-02-36 strains. At day 7, the percent of bacillus forms in ALG-00-530

was significantly lower than in the other two strains. At day 14, 75% or more of all observed cells were coiled forms in all strains. The number of coiled forms at day 14 was statistically MK-1775 identical in all three strains. Figure 2 Percent of bacillus and coiled forms observed over time during starvation in ultrapure water. Bacillus and coiled forms are represented by solid and open symbols, respectively. ARS-1 (■), ALG-00-530 (●), and ALG-02-36 (▲). The ultrastructure of F. find more columnare under starvation was further investigated using TEM. At day 1, the ultrastructure of ALG-00-530 shows the outer membrane of the cells with formations that appear to be membrane vesicles breaking off the cells (Figure 3A). No clear glycocalyx or capsule was detected in any cell. Fine-granular cytoplasmatic structure and a denser area that typically corresponds with the nucleoid were observed. By contrast, cells starved for 14 days showed greater heterogeneity in their structure with many apparently empty membrane Lonafarnib vesicles and lysed cells (Figure 3B). The remaining structurally intact cells were curved (some were coiled) and were characterized by an enlarged periplasmic space, a fine granular structure in the periplasm that lack any clearly visible ribosomes, regions of nucleoid compaction (electron-dense areas), and some inclusions.

Figure 3 TEM STA-9090 cell line observations of Flavobacterium columnare ALG-00-530 strain in ultrapure water. Panel A, day 1 after transfer to ultrapure water. Panel B, maintained in ultrapure water for 150 days. Arrows indicate surface blebbing (SB), membrane vesicle (MV), nucleoid (N), cell membrane (CM), outer membrane (OM), periplasmic space (PS), inclusion (I), and nucleoid compaction areas (NC). Scale bars represent 500 nm. Viability of coiled cells By using a ‘dilution to extinction’ strategy, the few bacilli that remained in the microcosm after 14 days of starvation were diluted out until, by probability, all cells present in the dilutions were coiled. Dilutions up to 10-8 yielded positive tubes (three independent dilution experiments were carried out per strain) in all cultures.

Moreover, it was shown that resistance to the tested antibiotics

decreased #CRT0066101 randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# in the presence of efflux inhibitors in the studied strains, demonstrating that these inhibitors have a broad range of activity that is not specific to a given genotype. In conclusion, the methodology used in this study demonstrates that porin MspA plays an important role in the entrance of quaternary ammonium compounds and antibiotics into the cell. Whether its absence is the main cause for decreased permeability, or that its absence has resulted in altered lipid structure of the outer membrane that is less permeable remains to be elucidated. The same methodology used to assess permeability also assessed the activity of the main efflux pump LfrA of the wild-type strain and of LfrA and LfrR depleted mutants and correlated the degree of activity with low-level resistance to several antimicrobial drugs. The methodology used and the results obtained in this work will be used in future studies as a working

model for the evaluation Z-DEVD-FMK of influx and efflux of substrates by multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis clinical isolates and, therefore, determine the cause for the multidrug resistant phenotype beyond simple mutation of relevant targets. Methods Materials EtBr, glucose, phosphate buffered solution (PBS), chlorpromazine, thioridazine, verapamil, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ethambutol, erythromycin, rifampicin and streptomycin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Química Oxymatrine SA (Madrid, Spain). Clarithromycin was obtained from Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL, USA). Middlebrook 7H9 broth and OADC supplement were purchased from Difco (Detroit, MI, USA). All solutions were prepared on the day of the experiment. Bacteria The M. smegmatis strains used in this work are described in Table 1. M. smegmatis strains SMR5, MN01 and ML10 were kindly provided by Michael

Niederweis (Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, U.S.A); strains XZL1675 and XZL1720 were kindly provided by Hiroshi Nikaido (Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, U.S.A). Mycobacteria were grown at 37°C in Middlebrook 7H9 broth or Middlebrook 7H11 solid medium, supplemented with 10% (v/v) of OADC. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations The determination of MICs of EtBr, the efflux inhibitors chlorpromazine, thioridazine and verapamil and of antibiotics studied alone and in the presence of an efflux inhibitor, was performed by the broth microdilution method according to the CLSI guidelines [33]. Briefly, mycobacterial strains were grown at 37°C in Middlebrook 7H9 broth supplemented with 10% OADC until an optical density (O.D.) of 0.8 at a wavelength of 600 nm.

Acknowledgments The research was supported

by the Wroclaw Research Center EIT+ under the Project “Biotechnologies and advanced medical technologies – BioMed” (POIG 01.01.02-02-003/08-00) financed from the European Regional Development Fund (Operational Programme Innovative Economy, 1.1.2). The cytotoxic investigations were carried out with the equipment purchased, thanks to the financial support of the European Regional Development Fund in the framework of the Polish Innovation Economy Operational Program (Contract No. POIG.02.01.00-12-023/08). Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative CUDC-907 price Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. Electronic supplementary material Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 120 kb) References Balenci D, Bonechi G, D’Amelio N, Gaggelli E, Gaggelli N, Molteni E, Valensin G, Szczepanik W, Dziuba M, Święcicki G, Jeżowska-Bojczuk M (2009) Structural features and oxidative stress towards plasmid DNA of apramycin Selleck GDC 0068 copper complex. Dalton Trans 7:1123–1130PubMedCrossRef Baron ESG,

DeMeio RH, Klemperer F (1936) Studies on biological Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) oxidations: V. Copper and hemochromogens as catalysts for the oxidation of ascorbic acid. The mechanism of the oxidation. J Biol Chem 112:625–640 Bertini I, Pierattelli R (2004) Copper(II) proteins are amenable for NMR investigations. Pure Appl Chem 76:321–333CrossRef Chibber S, Hassan I, Farhan M, Naseem I (2012) Light-mediated interaction of methotrexate with this website transition metal Cu(II). Med Chem Res 21:2379–2387CrossRef de Hoog P, Boldron C, Gamez P, Sliedregt-Bol K, Roland I, Pitie M, Kiss R, Meunier B, Reedijk J (2007) New approach for the preparation of efficient DNA-cleaving agents: ditopic copper–platinum complexes based on 3-clip-phen and cisplatin. J Med Chem 50:3148–3152PubMedCrossRef Devereux M,

Shea DO, Kellett A, McCann M, Walsh M, Egan D, Deegan C, Kedziora K, Rosair G, Muller-Bunz H (2007) Synthesis, X-ray crystal structures and biomimetic and anticancer activities of novel copper(II) benzoate complexes incorporating 2-(4′-thiazolyl)benzimidazole (thiabendazole), 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole and 1,10-phenanthroline as chelating nitrogen donor ligands. J Inorg Biochem 101:881–892PubMedCrossRef Dunger A, Limbach HH, Weisz K (1998) NMR studies on the self-association of uridine and uridine analogues. Chem Eur J 4:621–628CrossRef Franco R, Panayiotidis MI, Cidlowski JA (2007) Glutathione depletion is necessary for apoptosis in lymphoid cells independent of reactive oxygen species formation.

After cultivation, the optical density at 600 nm of the cell cultures was adjusted to 0.5 with each respective medium. The cells were collected by centrifugation (10,000 g for 15 min), and the resulting click here supernatants were filtered (low protein binding Durapore membrane, 0.45 mm polyvinylidene fluoride,

Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). The filtrates were centrifuged (40,000 g, 2 h at 4°C), washed with PBS and re-centrifuged (40,000 g, 2 h at 4°C). The pellets were next resuspended in PBS supplemented with 0.2 M NaCl. The media without the bacteria were used as controls. The OMV of strain TK1402 in Brucella broth supplemented with 0.2% β-cyclodextrin buy Trichostatin A or 7% horse serum were also isolated in a similar manner. Sodium

dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting techniques The fractionated OMV (OMV-fraction) were treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer including 5% 2-mercaptoethanol at 100°C for 5 min and separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The separated OMV proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. For Western blotting assays, the OMV-fractions were loaded onto gels and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Atto, Tokyo, Japan). After transfer, the membranes were blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 60 min and incubated with H. pylori strain NCTC 11638 whole-cell antiserum (1:2,000) [36] for 60 min. After washing with PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), peroxidase-labeled goat anti-rabbit Selonsertib price immunogloblins (Dako A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) were used at 1:2,000 dilution as secondary antibodies. After washing with PBST, the blots were developed. Complementation of biofilm forming ability using the OMV The OMV-fraction from Brucella broth supplemented with 7% FCS (OMV-fraction) and the medium fraction (control-fraction) in PBS were adjusted to an optical density of 2.0, or 1.0 at 280 nm. The OMV-fractions from Brucella broth supplemented with 0.2% β-cyclodextrin were also adjusted to optical densities

of 1.0. After filtration, 100 μl of the fractionated OMV were added Interleukin-2 receptor to Brucella broth with 0.2% β-cyclodextrin for TK1402 biofilm formation assays (described above). Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. P values of 0.05 or less were considered to indicate statistical significance. Acknowledgements This work was supported by Grants for Scientific Research 18590437 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology and a grant from the Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry. References 1. Marshall BJ, Warren JR: Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984, 16:1311–1315.CrossRef 2. Blaser MJ:Helicobacter pylori : its role in disease. Clin Infect Dis 1992, 15:386–391.PubMed 3.

For comparison, we prepared TiO2 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm through a sol–gel method (Figure  1f). Figure 1 XRD patterns and SEM, TEM, and HRTEM images of the hybrid CNTs@TiO 2 . XRD patterns (a) and SEM image (b) of the CNT@TiO2 hybrids, SEM image (c) of a single CNT@TiO2 hybrid, TEM (d) and HRTEM (e) images of the tip of a CNT@TiO2 hybrid with red arrows indicating TiO2 nanoparticles, CP673451 cell line and SEM image (f) of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared through a sol–gel method. The present CNTs@TiO2 feature a favorable porous structure and improved electrical conductivity, which are attractive for addressing the existing issues for

TiO2 as anodes of LIBs; therefore, we systematically investigated the electrochemical performance of the CNTs@TiO2 as anode of LIBs. We first applied the techniques of galvanostatic charge/discharge and CV to compare and study the electrochemical properties of lithium insertion/deinsertion in half-cells based on CNT,

TiO2, and CNT@TiO2 materials. Figure  2a,b,c and Figure  2d,e,f display the SBE-��-CD chemical structure initial two charge–discharge profiles and CV curves for the CNT, TiO2, and CNT@TiO2 electrodes, respectively. learn more The initial two charge–discharge profiles are generally consistent with the corresponding CV results. For CNTs, there is no pronounced peak in the range of 1.0 to 3.0 V with a remarkable discharge capacity loss from 55 mAh g-1 in the first cycle to 20 mAh g-1 in the second cycle. In contrast, both TiO2 and CNT@TiO2 electrodes show a discharge plateau at around 1.70 V and a charge plateau at about 1.90 V in the first cycle, which is basically consistent with those reported previously [20, 21]. In particular, the TiO2 electrode exhibits a pronounced capacity loss of 20.0% in the second discharge process, while the CNT@TiO2 electrode only shows a capacity loss of less than 10.0% in the initial two cycles. As expected, there is a pair of peaks in the CV curves of the TiO2 and

CNT@TiO2 electrodes, namely, the cathodic peak at 1.69 V and the anodic peak at 2.08 V, corresponding with the reversible biphasic transition between the tetragonal anatase and orthorhombic Li x TiO2, respectively (Equation 1). (1) Oxalosuccinic acid Figure 2 The first two charge/discharge profiles and CV curves. CNTs (a), TiO2 nanoparticles (b), and CNTs@TiO2 (c) LIB anodes at a current density of 100 mA g-1. The initial two cyclic voltammograms of CNTs (d), TiO2 (e), and CNTs@TiO2 (f). There is an observable decrease of cathodic current in the second CV compared with the first CV for the TiO2 electrode, which agrees with the previous report on TiO2 anode materials and can be attributed to the irreversible lithium insertion-deinsertion reaction, indicating a large capacity loss during the first two cycles. The CNTs@TiO2, however, only display a small change during the initial two CVs, suggesting a small capacity loss in the initial two cycles.

With a $50 annual difference, check details every 20,000 users of alendronate or https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Roscovitine.html risedronate instead of etidronate costs the public system $1 million. The difference in costs between agents may be justifiable if one agent is more effective at reducing fracture risk. However, little comparative effectiveness data are available to support the superiority of any of the oral bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk. To our knowledge, only a single study has directly compared the effects of etidronate to alendronate or risedronate in reducing fracture risk

[10]. Authors found little difference in hip fracture rates within 2 years between female fracture patients receiving etidronate compared to alendronate or risedronate (HR = 1.0, 95%; CI = 0.6–1.6) Vadimezan solubility dmso [10]. More data are needed to clarify the comparative effectiveness of oral bisphosphonates in reducing fracture risk. Many provinces in Canada continue to restrict access to alendronate and

risedronate through public drug plans. In the absence of clear evidence of superiority compared with etidronate—despite differences between agents based on placebo-controlled trials—it may be difficult for policy makers to justify the additional costs to the public healthcare system by covering second-generation bisphosphonates without restriction. Our study is subject to some limitations. First, we were limited to publicly funded drug claims in Ontario, restricting us from assessing drugs dispensed yet processed through private insurance or out-of-pocket. Thus, we are limited in ability to assess the use of medications that are not listed on the Ontario formulary such as calcitonin, teriparatide, and zoledronic acid, as well as alendronate and risedronate dispensing outside the public plan. Second, we are limited to pharmacy claims data and do not have a record of medications prescribed yet not dispensed in community pharmacies. Despite these limitations, our study Niclosamide has significant strength. We were

able to generate temporal trends in drug dispensing patterns and identify significant differences in osteoporosis pharmacotherapy between provinces in Canada related to drug coverage policies. BC recently broadened coverage for alendronate (November 2009) and risedronate (January 2011) to remove the need for a prior trial of etidronate. However, access to these second-generation bisphosphonates through BC PharmaCare still requires clinical or radiographically confirmed fracture or long-term glucocorticoid use. Our results identify that physicians prefer to prescribe following evidence-based guidelines that rank treatment as first-line (e.g., alendronate, risedroante) or second-line (e.g., etidronate) based on placebo-controlled efficacy in reducing fracture risk, with a shift toward alendronate and risedronate when available. Better evidence regarding the comparative effectiveness of oral bisphosphonates is needed to inform drug policy decision making in Canada.

Electroanalysis 2007, 19:1023–1031.CrossRef 8. Wang Y, Yuan H, Lu X, Zhou Z, Xiao D: All solid‒state pH electrode based on titanium nitride sensitive film. Electroanalysis 2006, 18:1493–1498.CrossRef 9. Schreier TM, Rach JJ, Howe GE: Efficacy of formalin, hydrogen peroxide, Epigenetics Compound Library cell line and sodium chloride on fungal-infected rainbow trout eggs. Aquaculture 1996, 140:323–331.CrossRef 10. Sun D, Lang J, Yan X, Hu L, Xue Q: Fabrication of TiN nanorods by electrospinning and their electrochemical

properties. J Solid State Chem 2011, 184:1333–1338.CrossRef 11. Vick D, Friedrich L, Dew S, Brett M, Robbie K, Seto M, Smy T: Self-shadowing and surface diffusion effects in obliquely deposited thin films. Thin Solid Films 1999, 339:88–94.CrossRef 12. Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Hovgaard MB, Rechendorff K, Chevallier J, Foss M, Besenbacher F: Scaling behavior of the surface roughness of platinum films grown by

oblique angle deposition. Phys Rev B 2008, 77:115427.CrossRef 13. Poziotinib in vitro Wolcott A, Smith WA, Kuykendall TR, Zhao Y, Zhang JZ: Photoelectrochemical water splitting using dense and aligned TiO2 nanorod arrays. Small 2009, 5:104–111.CrossRef 14. Xie Z, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang W, Zhan P, Li Z, Zhang Z: Visible light photoelectrochemical properties of N-Doped TiO 2 nanorod arrays from TiN. J Nanomater 2013., 2013: 15. Dohnalek Z, Kimmel GA, Ayotte P, Smith RS, Kay BD: The deposition angle-dependent density of amorphous solid water films. J Chem Phys 2003, 118:364.CrossRef 16. Zhao J, Wang X, Chen Z, Yang S, Shi T, Liu X: Overall energy model for preferred growth of TiN films MLN4924 in vivo during filtered arc deposition. J Phys D Appl Phys 1997, 30:5.CrossRef 17. Ni J, Zhu Y, Wang S, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wei B: Fenbendazole Nanostructuring HfO2 thin films as antireflection coatings. J Am Ceram Soc 2009, 92:3077–3080.CrossRef 18. Ho PK, Stephen D, Friend RH, Tessler N: All-polymer optoelectronic devices. Science 1999, 285:233–236.CrossRef 19. Qian L, Yang X: Composite film of carbon nanotubes and

chitosan for preparation of amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor. Talanta 2006, 68:721–727.CrossRef 20. Miao Y, Tan SN: Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on immobilization of peroxidase in chitosan matrix crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Analyst 2000, 125:1591–1594.CrossRef 21. Wang G, Xu J-J, Chen H-Y, Lu Z-H: Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor with sol–gel/chitosan network-like film as immobilization matrix. Biosens Bioelectron 2003, 18:335–343.CrossRef 22. Liu Y, Chu Z, Jin W: A sensitivity-controlled hydrogen peroxide sensor based on self-assembled prussian blue modified electrode. Electrochem Commun 2009, 11:484–487.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions ZX carried out the fabrication and characterization of the study and drafted the manuscript. XL participated in the design and coordination of the study.

J Biol Chem 286:35683–35688PubMedCrossRef Jordan DB, Ogren WL (1981) A sensitive assay procedure for simultaneous determination of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and oxygenase activities. Plant Physiol 67:237–245PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Jordan DB, Ogren WL (1984) Nepicastat The CO2/O2 specificity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase-dependence on ribulose bisphosphate concentration, pH and temperature. Planta 161:308–313PubMedCrossRef Kane HJ, Wilkin J-M, Portis AR Jr, Andrews TJ (1998) Potent inhibition of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase by an oxidized impurity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Plant Physiol 117:1059–1069PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kurek I, Chang TK, Bertain SM, Madrigal A, Liu L, Lassner MW, Zhu G (2007) Enhanced thermostability of Arabidopsis Rubisco activase improves photosynthesis and growth rates under moderate heat stress. Plant Cell 19:3230–3241PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Lan Y, Woodrow IE, Mott KA (1992) Light-dependent changes in Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activase activity in leaves. Plant Physiol 99:304–309PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Larson EM, O’Brien CM, Zhu G, Spreitzer RJ, Portis AR Jr (1997) Specificity for activase is changed by a Pro-89 to Arg Amino acid transporter substitution in the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. J Biol Chem 272:17033–17037PubMedCrossRef Li C, Salvucci ME, Portis AR Jr (2005) Two residues of Rubisco VRT752271 clinical trial activase involved in recognition of the Rubisco substrate. J Biol Chem 280:24864–24869PubMedCrossRef Lorimer GH, Badger MR, Andrews TJ (1977) D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Improved methods for the activation and assay of catalytic activity. Anal Biochem 78:66–75PubMedCrossRef Mueller-Cajar O, Stotz M, Wendler P, Hartl FU, Bracher A, Hayer-Hartl M (2011) Structure and function of the AAA+ protein CbbX, a red-type Rubisco activase. Nature 479:194–199PubMedCrossRef Ott CM, Smith BD, Portis AR Jr, Spreitzer RJ (2000) Activase region on chloroplast Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase:

non-conservative substitution in the large subunit alters species specificity of protein interaction. J Biol Chem 275:26241–26244PubMedCrossRef Pacold I, Anderson LE (1975) Chloroplast and cytoplasmic enzymes VI. Pea leaf 3-phosphoglycerate kinases. Methamphetamine Plant Physiol 55:168–171PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Parry MAJ, Reynolds M, Salvucci ME, Raines C, Andralojc PJ, Zhu XG, Price GD, Condon AG, Furbank RT (2011) Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic capacity and efficiency. J Exp Bot 62:453–467PubMedCrossRef Parry MAJ, Andralojc PJ, Scales JC, Salvucci ME, Carmo-Silva AE, Alonso H, Whitney SM (2013) Rubisco activity and regulation as targets for crop improvement. J Exp Bot 64:717–730PubMedCrossRef Paulsen JM, Lane MD (1966) Spinach ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme.