For comparison, we prepared TiO2 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50 nm through a sol–gel method (Figure  1f). Figure 1 XRD patterns and SEM, TEM, and HRTEM images of the hybrid CNTs@TiO 2 . XRD patterns (a) and SEM image (b) of the CNT@TiO2 hybrids, SEM image (c) of a single CNT@TiO2 hybrid, TEM (d) and HRTEM (e) images of the tip of a CNT@TiO2 hybrid with red arrows indicating TiO2 nanoparticles, CP673451 cell line and SEM image (f) of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared through a sol–gel method. The present CNTs@TiO2 feature a favorable porous structure and improved electrical conductivity, which are attractive for addressing the existing issues for

TiO2 as anodes of LIBs; therefore, we systematically investigated the electrochemical performance of the CNTs@TiO2 as anode of LIBs. We first applied the techniques of galvanostatic charge/discharge and CV to compare and study the electrochemical properties of lithium insertion/deinsertion in half-cells based on CNT,

TiO2, and CNT@TiO2 materials. Figure  2a,b,c and Figure  2d,e,f display the SBE-��-CD chemical structure initial two charge–discharge profiles and CV curves for the CNT, TiO2, and CNT@TiO2 electrodes, respectively. learn more The initial two charge–discharge profiles are generally consistent with the corresponding CV results. For CNTs, there is no pronounced peak in the range of 1.0 to 3.0 V with a remarkable discharge capacity loss from 55 mAh g-1 in the first cycle to 20 mAh g-1 in the second cycle. In contrast, both TiO2 and CNT@TiO2 electrodes show a discharge plateau at around 1.70 V and a charge plateau at about 1.90 V in the first cycle, which is basically consistent with those reported previously [20, 21]. In particular, the TiO2 electrode exhibits a pronounced capacity loss of 20.0% in the second discharge process, while the CNT@TiO2 electrode only shows a capacity loss of less than 10.0% in the initial two cycles. As expected, there is a pair of peaks in the CV curves of the TiO2 and

CNT@TiO2 electrodes, namely, the cathodic peak at 1.69 V and the anodic peak at 2.08 V, corresponding with the reversible biphasic transition between the tetragonal anatase and orthorhombic Li x TiO2, respectively (Equation 1). (1) Oxalosuccinic acid Figure 2 The first two charge/discharge profiles and CV curves. CNTs (a), TiO2 nanoparticles (b), and CNTs@TiO2 (c) LIB anodes at a current density of 100 mA g-1. The initial two cyclic voltammograms of CNTs (d), TiO2 (e), and CNTs@TiO2 (f). There is an observable decrease of cathodic current in the second CV compared with the first CV for the TiO2 electrode, which agrees with the previous report on TiO2 anode materials and can be attributed to the irreversible lithium insertion-deinsertion reaction, indicating a large capacity loss during the first two cycles. The CNTs@TiO2, however, only display a small change during the initial two CVs, suggesting a small capacity loss in the initial two cycles.