The hysteresis

loops of the Nd(2)Fe(14)B/alpha-Fe/Nd(2)Fe(14)B trilayers for various J(i) have been calculated. The calculated pinning field decreases when J(i) increases. It is found that, as L(s) increases, the coercivity mechanism changes from pinning to nucleation. The change of exchange coupling at the interface influences the soft layer thickness, at which the coercivity starts to deviate from pinning. The critical thickness of the soft phase, at which the behavior of the hysteresis loop changes from the single-phased one to the two-phased one, decreases as J(i) decreases, so that the “”rigid learn more composite magnet”" appears only when L(s) is very small for smaller J(i). (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3562973]“
“We report the case of a 3-month-old boy with novel influenza A (H1N1) infection complicated by pericardial effusion. The patient was treated with pericardial drainage, oseltamivir, and ibuprofen and improved. Pericarditis and pericardial effusion have been occasionally associated with influenza A infections. To our knowledge, this is the first case of pericardial effusion reported during the current novel influenza A (H1N1) pandemic.”
“This work investigated in-plane MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) for the application

of spin torque transfer random access memory (STT-RAM). The MTJ in this work had an resistance area product (RA) = 4.3 Omega.mu m(2), tunneling Selleck BTSA1 magnetoresistance ratio similar to 135%, thermal stability factor Delta(H)=68 (by field https://www.selleckchem.com/products/s63845.html measurement), and Delta(I)=50 (by current measurement). The optimal writing energy was found to be 0.286 pJ per bit at 1.54 ns for antiparallel (AP) state to parallel (P) state switching, and 0.706 pJ per bit at 0.68 ns for P state to AP state switching. Ultra fast spin torque transfer (STT) switching was also observed in this sample at 580 ps (AP to P) and 560 ps (P to AP). As a result, 0.6-1.3 GHz was determined to be the optimal writing rate from writing energy consumption of view. These results show that in-plane MgO MTJs are still a viable candidate as the fast memory

cell for STT-RAM. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3556784]“
“Liver transplantation has undergone a rapid evolution from a high-risk experimental procedure to a mainstream therapy for thousands of patients with a wide range of hepatic diseases. Its increasing success has been accompanied by progressive imbalance between organ donor supply and the patients who might benefit. Where demand outstrips supply in transplantation, a system of organ allocation is inevitably required to make the wisest use of the available, but scarce, organs. Early attempts to rationally allocate donor livers were particularly hampered by lack of available and suitable data, leading to imperfect solutions that created or exacerbated inequities in the system.

fishgenome.org/download/Prodiff.rar.”
“We present an unusual electrocardiogram obtained from a patient with critically depleted pacemaker. (PACE 2010; 33:e24-e25).”
“Background Moyamoya syndrome carries a high risk of cerebral ischemia, and impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation

may play a critical role. Autoregulation indices derived from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may clarify hemodynamic goals that conform to the limits of autoregulation. Objectives The aims of this pilot study were to determine whether the NIRS-derived indices could identify blood pressure ranges that optimize autoregulation and whether autoregulatory function differs between anatomic sides in patients with unilateral vasculopathy. Methods Pediatric patients undergoing indirect SP600125 MAPK inhibitor surgical revascularization for moyamoya were enrolled sequentially. NIRS-derived autoregulation indices, the cerebral oximetry index (COx) and the hemoglobin volume index (HVx), were calculated intraoperatively and postoperatively to measure autoregulatory function. The 5-mmHg ranges of optimal mean arterial blood pressure (MAPOPT) with best

autoregulation and the lower limit of autoregulation (LLA) were identified. Results Of seven enrolled patients (aged 216years), six had intraoperative and postoperative autoregulation monitoring and one had only intraoperative monitoring. Intraoperative MAPOPT was identified in six (86%) of seven patients with median values of 6080mmHg. Intraoperative LLA was identified PI3K inhibitor in three (43%) patients with median values of 5565mmHg. Postoperative MAPOPT was identified in six (100%) of six patients with median values of 7090mmHg. Patients with unilateral disease had higher Selleckchem Trichostatin A intraoperative HVx (P=0.012) on side vasculopathy. Conclusions NIRS-derived indices may identify hemodynamic goals that optimize autoregulation in pediatric moyamoya.”
“A remarkable amount of our current knowledge of mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity during cortical development comes from study of the mammalian visual cortex. Recent advances in high-resolution

cellular imaging, combined with genetic manipulations in mice, novel fluorescent recombinant probes, and large-scale screens of gene expression, have revealed multiple molecular mechanisms that underlie structural and functional plasticity in visual cortex. We situate these mechanisms in the context of a new conceptual framework of feed-forward and feedback regulation for understanding how neurons of the visual cortex reorganize their connections in response to changes in sensory inputs. Such conceptual advances have important implications for understanding not only normal development but also pathological conditions that afflict the central nervous system.”
“Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and obesity in adulthood.

Conclusions: Infertility counseling in the early days of marriage and a spermiogram performed at that time could be beneficial for the newly-wed couples even if they do not want a child at the time. To perform a spermiogram as a screening test in all newlywed men should be discussed. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Objectives. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of 3-rooted mandibular first molars among a Shanghai Chinese population by using periapical radiographs.

Methods. A total of 510 patients possessing both mandibular first molars were selected. The radiographs of these cases were evaluated under optimal conditions using double magnifying glasses.

The incidence of 3-rooted mandibular first molars and the correlation between occurrences in males and females and between Q-VD-Oph concentration the left and right sides were recorded and analyzed. A total of 1020 mandibular first molars were evaluated.

Results. A total of 165 patients were found to have a selleck kinase inhibitor 3-rooted mandibular first molar: 92 males and 73 females (P = .106). The overall incidence of patients with 3-rooted mandibular

first molars was 32.35%. Of all the patients with 3-rooted molars, 67.27% (111/165) of cases occurred bilaterally. The incidence of teeth showing an extra root was 27.06%. The occurrence of such permanent 3-rooted mandibular first molars also did not differ significantly between the right side (n = 142, 13.92%) and the left side (n = 134, 13.14%; P = .573).

Conclusions. The prevalence and bilateral incidence of 3-rooted mandibular first molars among the Shanghai Chinese population was high and such variation varied among Chinese populations living in different areas. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:e98-e101)”
“The influence of B-site nonmagnetic substitution on the

spiral spin ordering in multiferroic manganites is investigated by Monte selleck chemicals llc Carlo simulation within the framework of classical Heisenberg model. It is revealed that the nonmagnetic substitution significantly suppressed the multiferroic phase transitions, consistent with experimental results. The boundary between ab-cycloidal phase and bc-cycloidal phase in the temperature-substitution phase diagram becomes faint gradually with increasing substitution level. A coexistence of two cycloidal spin phases is identified when the substitution level surpassed a threshold. The physical origin for the two-phase coexistence induced by the nonmagnetic B-site substitution is discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3594711]“
“WT1 (Wilms’ tumor gene 1) overexpression is implicated in the prognosis of acute leukemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate WT1 expression and its clinical implication in childhood acute leukemia (AL) in Chinese population. Bone marrow specimen from 200 children at different stages of acute leukemia and from 21 children without leukemia were studied.

Glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive

foci were evaluated by immunostaining for glutathione 5-transferase placental form. The remaining rats were maintained for evaluation of survival. There were no significant differences of serum transaminases, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and also no marked hepatic histological differences, between the two groups. However, the size of hepatocellular Selleck CH5424802 carcinomas was greatly decreased and the levels of activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 were significantly reduced in the Kurozu moromimatsu group. Further, survival was significantly prolonged in the Kurozu moromimatsu group compared with the control. These results indicate that Kurozu moromimatsu inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma.”
“Background In pain conditions, active coping has been found to be associated with less severe depression, increased activity level and less functional impairment. Studies indicate that there is a high expectation for chronic disability following a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. The objective of this study was to compare

both the expectations and the coping style for rheumatoid arthritis in disease-naive subjects.

Methods The Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory was administered to university students. Subjects who had not yet experienced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and did not know a person with RA were given a vignette concerning a new onset diagnosis of RA and were asked to indicate high throughput screening assay SBI-0206965 how likely they were to have thoughts or behaviours indicated in the coping style questionnaire. Subjects also completed expectations regarding daily functioning according to the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) for RA.

Results The mean active coping style

score for RA was 27.3 +/- 4.6 (40 is the maximum score for active coping). The mean passive coping style score was 26.2 +/- 7.0 (50 is the maximum score for passive coping). Those with high passive coping styles had a higher mean expectation score (higher HAQ score) of disability from rheumatoid arthritis. The correlation between passive coping style score and expectation score was 0.48, while the correlation between active coping style score and expectation was -0.34.

Conclusions Both expectations and coping styles may interact or be co-modifiers in the outcomes of RA patients. Further studies of coping styles and expectations in RA are required.”
“This work deals with preparation, characterization, and performance of electro-conductive yarns prepared by in situ chemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. Box-Behnken design in conjunction with response surface analysis has been used to study the electrochemical polymerization process. The effect of electrochemical process parameters on the electrical resistivity has been reported. Further, the electrical and electromechanical behaviour of the electro-conductive yarns thus produced has also been reported. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Thirty-two female EDS type III patients as defined by the Villefranche criteria and 32 individually gender- and age-matched healthy control subjects were included in the study. Range of motion was determined using a goniometer, passive and active JPS were assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer system, selleck chemicals and the VPS was measured by a biothesiometer. Daily physical activity was evaluated by the Baecke questionnaire. The EDS type III group showed significantly larger ranges

of movement (P < 0.05) and lower levels of sport physical activity (SPA) compared to the control group (P = 0.023). Considering SPA as covariate, the EDS type III group demonstrated a significant impairment in knee joint reposition compared to the control group (P = 0.018). No significant differences were found for Screening Library concentration shoulder

JPS. The VPS was not significantly different in the EDS type III group compared to the control group. In addition, no significant correlation was found between JPS and VPS, neither at the knee nor at the shoulder joint. This is the first study examining proprioception deficits in EDS type III patients as defined by the Villefranche criteria. Further research on the neurophysiological dysfunctions and mechanisms in this pathologic entity is needed.”
“Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma and several other human malignancies. The prevalence of HHV-8 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in Taiwanese leukemia populations has not been investigated. In this study, HHV-8 DNA was extracted from PBMCs, and detected in 10.29% of the leukemia cases and 8.94% of the relatives’

cases. In addition, the prevalence of HHV-8 DNA in PBMCs was nonsignificantly associated with gender, age and leukemia SB431542 mouse subtypes. The study examines the prevalence of HHV-8 DNA in PBMCs in Taiwanese leukemia and can be applied in further epidemiological studies.”
“In a nonuniform nematic liquid crystal director reorientation may take place as a result of a temperature gradient. We formulated a two-dimensional model of the temperature gradient caused by the light absorption of a Gaussian laser beam impinging normally on the liquid crystal cell. Within this model, we calculated the director reorientation and the subsequent optical nonlinearity of the liquid crystal. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3525992]“
“Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. The prognostic factors for survival were not fully evaluated in Asian population. We investigated the prognostic factors for survival of SSc among Korean patients. A total of 243 SSc patients were enrolled from Seoul National University Hospital between 1972 and 2007.

5 +/- 1.0 mg/dL, and the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was 315 +/- 569 pg/dL. The control group comprised 17 individuals without PHPT. The mean age of controls was 60.8 +/- 12.5 years and the serum calcium concentration was 9.8 +/- 0.3 mg/dL. Motor and sensory nerve conduction was assessed by electroneurography (ENG).

Results: LY2157299 chemical structure The following ENG parameters differed significantly between the PHPT and control groups: right (R) sural

sensory nerve action potential conduction velocity (52.7 +/- 6.3 m/s versus 58.0 +/- 8.0 m/s; P = .041); R median compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude (7.4 +/- 1.6 mV versus 8.9 +/- 1.7 mV; P = .002); R median CMAP latency (4.3 +/- 1.2 ms versus 3.6 +/- 0.6 ms; P = .032); R tibial CMAP latency (4.2 +/- 1.1 ms versus 3.3 +/- 0.4 ms; P = .001). The neurological examination was normal in all patients.

Conclusion: Our data demonstrate an association between PHPT and peripheral neurological CX-5461 price alterations, consistent with subclinical sensory-motor PPN.”
“Objective: To assess the association of sex and age with presenting symptoms and size of vestibular schwannoma at clinical presentation to our clinics.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review.

Setting: Academic medical center.

Patients: Approximately 1,269 subjects diagnosed with unilateral vestibular schwannoma between 1997 and

2010.

Intervention: Demographic information, tumor characteristics, and treatment strategy were recorded.

Main Outcome Measure: Tumor size, patient-reported presence of hearing loss or dizziness at presentation.

Results:

Male subjects had significantly larger tumors than female subjects at presentation (18.23 versus 16.81 mm, p = 0.031); this difference was particularly pronounced in patients younger than 40 years. Patient-reported symptoms at baseline also differed by sex: the prevalence of hearing loss was 95.1% in male subjects versus 90.3% in female subjects (p = 0.001), and the frequency of dizziness was 74.3% in female subjects versus 59.0% in male subjects (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analyses, male subjects continued to find more have a borderline significant positive association with tumor size (p = 0.066) and were 2-fold more likely to have hearing loss (odds ratio [OR], 2.082; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.300-3.336) but half as likely to have dizziness (OR, 0.501; 95% CI, 0.387-0.649) than female subjects. Additionally, for every 1-mm increase in tumor size, patients were more likely to report hearing loss by 14.7% (OR, 1.147; 95% CI, 1.106-1.191) and dizziness by 2.8% (OR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.016-1.041).

Conclusion: We observed significant sex differences in the presentation and size of unilateral vestibular schwannomas. As management and treatment strategies are predicated on presenting symptoms and patient factors, these observations merit further study to further understand tumor biology, improve risk stratification, and optimize tumor management.

Methods: Women with advanced-stage cancer (n = 22), early-stage cancer (n = 31), benign gynecologic disease (n = 33), and no disease (n = 25; post-annual pelvic examination) completed Selleck KPT 330 questionnaires

(Perceived Threat, Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD Checklist (PCL)) on three occasions: 1 week before surgery (Time 1), 7 weeks after surgery or comparable time (Time 2), and 16 months after surgery (Time 3).

Results: Perceived threat did not differ across disease groups at Time 1, but there were differences at both later times (F(2, 93.1) = 11.83; p<0.001; group x time interaction); women with advanced cancer reported the highest levels. IES scores were consistently higher for the disease groups compared with the no-disease group (F(3,104.2) = 11.19; p<0.001), but were not significantly different

from one another. IES scores declined over time, most markedly for the three disease groups (group x time interaction (F(6,163.8) = 2.60; p = 0.02). Survival analysis indicated significant differences across the groups in risk of estimated PTSD [Wilcoxon chi(2) (3, N = 96) = 7.83, p = 0.050] with 34% of advanced cancer, 16% of early cancer, and 15% of benign disease groups reaching estimated PTSD criteria.

Conclusions: Women with gynecologic cancer, regardless of stage, and women with benign conditions experience heightened traumatic stress at the time of diagnosis, and some continue to be distressed many months afterwards. Broad-based screening and intervention for traumatic stress symptoms may be Tariquidar cell line warranted. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Adding Pt into CoCr-oxide alloy for controlling magnetic softness in a soft layer on hard/soft (H/S) stacked composite media significantly affects magnetic properties and microstructure. H(c) values for capping layer (CL) media

with a relatively high-H(k) soft layer initially increase with increasing t(cap). However, Hc values are relatively constant for H/S media with Pt 3% and 10% soft layers and reduced for the media 3-Methyladenine PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor with a CoTaZr-SiO(2) soft layer having in-plane H(k). The simulation results explain these experimental Hc trends by the compensation effect between the decrease in average K(u) due to the use of less-K(u) soft layer and the increases in volume with increasing t(soft). Reduction in Hc with increasing tsoft is anticipated when Ku in a soft layer reduces by >27%. As the Pt content in a soft layer increases from 3% to 18%, higher H(c) and H(n) but lower H(s) are observed. Plan-view transmission electron microscopy images for the medium with Pt 18% soft layer show no subgrains and thinner grain boundary width and explain the significant increase in lateral A(ex). Thus, the Pt content in a soft layer needs to be optimized. Compared to CL media, H/S composite media with the Pt 5% and 8% soft layers improve both SNR(me) and media writability.

Criteria used to choose the best model was by comparisson of r(2) and AIC (Akaike Information Criteria). Saracatinib price The model that best adjusts diclofenac tablet dissolution profile was the Hixson-Crowell cube root model.”
“The Mediterranean diet is proposed as one of the healthiest dietary models, but its contribution to Maillard reaction products (MRP) intake is unknown. Several Spanish dishes typical of the Mediterranean

diet (paella, Spanish omelette, salmorejo or churros) were selected to evaluate MR extension and the presence of MRP. CIELab colour, browning at different wavelengths, furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and acrylamide were determined, and content/serving was calculated. Development of MR was affected by ingredients: when protein levels were high and carbohydrates low, early MRP were formed, regardless of the culinary process. There was found a correlation

between acrylamide and hydroxymethylfurfural. The possible underestimation of deterministic calculations of acrylamide dietary exposure is discussed. This study presents a first approximation to enable the MRP intake from the Mediterranean diet to be calculated, taking into account the moisture content and the serving size of dishes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“To analyze prognostic factors, Selleck GNS-1480 the role of lymphadenectomy and postoperative adjuvant treatments in patients with uterine leiomyosarcomas (LMS).

Sixty-three patients with uterine LMS are retrospectively see more analyzed with respect to both DFS and OS.

Multivariate DFS analysis revealed percentage

necrosis to be the unique factor to be significant (median DFS was 3.31 years for < 25% necrosis and 0.78 for > 25% necrosis). Multivariate analysis revealed the mitotic counts to be the unique significant factor affecting the OS (median OS was 7.20 and 1.73 years, respectively, for patients with mitotic counts of 1-5 and > 6; respectively). Median DFS was 2.51 years for patients who had undergone lymphadenectomy and 2.36 years for remaining who did not have a lymphadenectomy procedure (P = 0.4). With respect to OS, median values were 2.44 and 3.16 years, respectively (P = 0.7). Number of the resected lymph nodes was also not significant for both OS and DFS.

Mitotic counts and percentage necrosis have significant effects on OS and DFS; respectively. Neither the performance nor the extent of lymphadenectomy has an effect on patient survival.”
“Combinations of noninvasive markers may improve discrimination of chronic liver disease severity. The aims of this study were to compare four validated serum and ultrasound-based markers of hepatic disease severity head-to-head with liver biopsy and to assess optimal combinations with consideration of cost.

“
“Adrenocortical tumors are rare in childhood and adolescence. Virilization, alone or in combination with signs of overproduction of other adrenal hormones, is the most common clinical presentation. CHIR 99021 Here we report an unusual case of an African-American female adolescent presenting with idiopathic acquired generalized anhidrosis, dysregulation of body temperature, absence of adult body odor and dry skin in the face of

a virilizing para-adrenocortical adenoma. Virilization signs regressed soon after removal of the tumor, but normalization of the 3 alpha-androstenediol glucuronide (3 alpha-AG) took longer compared to other measurable androgens; accompanied by anhidrosis. The association of remitting anhidrosis with normalized levels of 3 alpha-AG suggests it might be a possible mechanism for anhidrosis. High 3 alpha-AG levels might implicate the increased peripheral find more conversion of weak pro-androgens with different biochemical structure. We recommend obtaining 3 alpha-AG beside other androgens in virilized patients with atypical dermatological symptoms in

the face of hyperandrogenism.”
“Background and Aims: Flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery (FMD) is a biomarker of endothelial function and cardiovascular health. Impaired FMD is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension and obesity. Various food ingredients such as polyphenols have been shown to improve FMD. We investigated whether consuming resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, can enhance FMD acutely and whether there is a dose-response relationship for this effect.

Methods and Results: 19 overweight/obese (BMI 25-35 kg m(-2))

men or post-menopausal women with untreated borderline hypertension (systolic BP: 130-160 mmHg or diastolic BP: 85-100 mmHg) consumed three doses of resveratrol (resVida (TM) 30, 90 and 270 mg) and a placebo at weekly intervals in a double-blind, randomized crossover comparison. One hour after consumption of the supplement, plasma resveratrol and FMD were measured. Data were analyzed by linear regression versus log(10) dose of resveratrol. 14 men and 5 women (age 55 +/- 2 years, buy GDC-0068 BMI 28.7 +/- 0.5 kg m(-2), BP 141 +/- 2/89 +/- 1 mmHg) completed this study. There was a significant dose effect of resveratrol on plasma resveratrol concentration (P < 0.001) and on FMD (P < 0.01), which increased from 4.1 +/- 0.8% (placebo) to 7.7 +/- 1.5% after 270 mg resveratrol. FMD was also linearly related to log10 plasma resveratrol concentration (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: Acute resveratrol consumption increased plasma resveratrol concentrations and FMD in a dose-related manner. This effect may contribute to the purported cardiovascular health benefits of grapes and red wine. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

3 and 3.0 eV bands to POHCs and to propose a scheme for the simultaneous

creation of POHC and P2 defects after x-ray exposure. (c) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3517479]“
“The aim of this study was to investigate the expressions of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, TLR9, and their correlations with the expression of cytokines that are associated with activation of CD4(+) T cells and inflammation including interferon gamma (IFN gamma), interleukin 4 (IL4), interleukin 17 (IL17), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) in muscle tissues of patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). The expressions of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IFN gamma, IL4, IL17, and TNF alpha were measured by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in muscle tissues from Staurosporine concentration 14 patients with DM and PM (nine patients with DM, five patients with PM) and three controls. The expressions of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 were also localized with immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IFN gamma, IL4, IL17, and TNF alpha were significantly high in patients with DM and PM compared with those in the controls, and the expression levels of TLR4 and TLR9 had significant positive correlations with the see more expressions of IFN gamma, IL4, IL17, and TNF alpha. Immunohistochemistry

showed that TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 were expressed by infiltrating cells of perimysium in DM, whereas they were expressed by infiltrating cells of endomysium in PM. These results suggest that the involvement of TLR4 and TLR9 in immunopathogenesis of DM and PM might be connected with activation of CD4(+) T cells.”
“The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus calls for inventive research and development strategies. Inhibition of this bacterial pathogenesis may be a promising therapeutic approach. The screening of antimicrobial compounds from endophytes is a promising way to meet the increasing threat

of drug-resistant strains of human and plant pathogens. HER2 inhibitor In the present study, a novel endophytic fungus, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, was isolated from the medicinal plant Vitex negundo L. Extracts of C. gloeosporioides were obtained using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents. The fungal extracts exhibited an effective antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. The extracts were also analysed for antibacterial activity against methicillin-, penicillin- and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strains (1-10). The methanol extract showed an effective antibacterial activity against S. aureus strain 9, with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 31.25 mu g mL-1. The synergistic action of endophytic fungal extract with antibiotics such as methicillin, penicillin and vancomycin was observed against S. aureus strain 6. The fractional inhibitory concentration index of methanol extract with methicillin, penicillin and vancomycin was 1.0, 0.5 and 0.375, respectively.