Using event-related potentials, we show that participants perceive regularities in speech and register even subtle

deviations in trochaic speech patterns (‘Gina ‘hatte ‘Norbert ‘gestern ‘abend ‘kussen/*be’lohnen ‘sollen; Gina should have kissed/rewarded Norbert yesterday evening). This is evidenced in a P600 response that varies as a function of task. click here Our results provide evidence for attention-dependent perceptual regularity in speech. NeuroReport 20:1643-1647 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“The TZM-bl cell line that is commonly used to assess neutralizing antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was recently reported to be contaminated with an ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV) (Y. Takeuchi, M. O. McClure, and M. Pizzato, J. Virol. 82: 12585-12588, 2008), raising questions about the validity of results obtained with this cell line. Here we confirm this observation and show that HIV-1 neutralization assays performed with a variety of serologic reagents in a similar cell line that does not harbor MLV yield results that are equivalent to those obtained in TZM-bl cells. We conclude that MLV contamination has no measurable effect on HIV-1 neutralization when

TZM-bl cells are used as targets for infection.”
“Recently, we have generated transgenic mice (designated as SJLB) carrying human N279K mutant learn more tau, one of the tau mutations causing PRKACG parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). SJLB mice mimic some features of behavioral alterations and neuronal pathology of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

To investigate how tau dysfunctions cause these features, we examined the expression and phosphorylation levels in SJLB mouse hippocampal proteins using a phosphosensor dye in two-dimensional poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and mass spectrometry. Calreticulin and tubulin beta 4 are significantly more phosphorylated, and heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein, tubulin beta 2, vacuolar ATP synthase catalytic subunit A, alpha-internexin, alpha-enolase, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1, and complexin-2 are significantly less phosphorylated in SJLB mice than control mice. These proteins could be new targets for elucidating underlying mechanisms and therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. NeuroReport 20:1648-1653 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“The potential spread of prion infectivity in secreta is a crucial concern for prion disease transmission. Here, serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (sPMCA) allowed the detection of prions in milk from clinically affected animals as well as scrapie-exposed sheep at least 20 months before clinical onset of disease, irrespective of the immunohistochemical detection of protease-resistant PrPSc within lymphoreticular and central nervous system tissues.

(C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Oligodendrocyte KU55933 in vitro progenitor cells (OPCs) in primary culture can give rise to mature oligodendrocytes and type-2, but not type-1 astrocytes depending on the culture conditions. The OPCs thus are called oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte

(O2-A) progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have been efficiently differentiated into OPCs; however, the fate plasticity of mESC-derived OPCs is not well characterized. In the present study, using GFP-Olig2 mESC line, we showed that the Olig2(+)/GFP(+)/A2B5(+)/NG2(+) OPCs derived from GFP-Olig2 mESCs can mature into oligodendrocytes when co-cultured with mESC-derived neurons. Interestingly, when induced to astrocytic differentiation by bone morphogenetic protein-4, these mESC-derived OPCs can not only generate type-2 astrocytes, but also type-1 astrocytes. These results challenge the dogma that OPCs in culture can only generate type-2, but not type-1 astrocytes, and support the in vivo finding www.selleckchem.com/products/rg-7112.html that during perinatal development,

OPCs can give rise to a subset of type-1 astrocytes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Recently, there has been growing interest in applying bioprinting techniques to stem cell research. Several bioprinting methods have been developed utilizing acoustics, piezoelectricity, and lasers to deposit living cells onto receiving substrates. Using these technologies, spatially defined gradients of immobilized biomolecules can be engineered to direct stem cell differentiation into multiple subpopulations

of different lineages. Stem cells can also be patterned in a high-throughput manner onto flexible implementation patches for tissue regeneration or onto substrates with the goal of accessing encapsulated stem cells of interest for genomic analysis. Here, we review recent achievements with bioprinting technologies in stem cell research, and identify future challenges and potential applications including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, wound healing, and genomics.”
“Human rhinoviruses Prostatic acid phosphatase (HRVs) remain a significant public health problem as they are the major cause of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Unfortunately, to date no vaccine or antiviral against these pathogens is available. Here, using a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a 6-amino-acid hit peptide, LVLQTM, which acted as a pseudosubstrate of the viral 2A cysteine protease (2A(pro)) and inhibited its activity. This peptide was chemically modified with a reactive electrophilic fluoromethylketone group to form a covalent linkage with the nucleophilic active-site thiol of the enzyme. Ex vivo and in vivo experiments showed that thus converted, LVLQTM was a strong inhibitor of HRV replication in both A549 cells and mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report validating a compound against HRV infection in a mouse model.

This present work sought to determine opioid receptor subtypes involved in such increase in the SNL model.

We recorded spinal field potentials during spinal superfusion with increasing, Cumulative concentrations of selective subtype-specific agonists in rats subjected to SNL, as well as in non-ligated animals. The It opioid receptor (MOR) agonist DAMGO significantly depressed field potentials evoked by C (100 nM) or A delta fibres (1 mu M) both in neuropathic and non-ligated Fats, whereas the kappa receptor opioid (KOR) agonist +/- U-50488 was ineffective. The delta opioid receptor (DOR) (D-Ala(2))-Deltorphin II was more effective in reducing C fibre-evoked spinal field potentials in rats subjected to SNL

(100 nM) than in non-ligated rats (100 mu M). Subclinical MOR activation (10 nM DAMGO) produced a leftward shift in (D-Ala(2))-Deltorphin II dose-response Quisinostat curve in non-ligated rats (IC(50) 16.59 +/- 0.99 mu M vs 120.3 +/- 1.0 mu M in the absence of DAMGO), and isobolar analysis revealed synergistic interaction (interaction index 0.25). MOR blockade (100 mu M CTOP) disinhibited C fibre-evoked potentials in neuropathic, but not in basal animals, and Partially impeded DOR depression in both groups. DOR blockade (1 mM naltrindole) was ineffective in either group.

We show that DOR-mediated depression of spinal responses to peripheral Unmyelinated fibre-input is increased in the SNL model, an increase that is contributed to by positive interaction

with the spinal MOR. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Changes Sotrastaurin cell line in hemostasis after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting are still being discussed. There is a lack of information about platelet activity and aspirin efficacy after coronary artery bypass grafting. The aim of this study was to assess and compare platelet activity Fenbendazole and aspirin

efficacy early and late after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Methods: Eighty patients were enrolled in a prospective randomized study. Platelet activity was determined based on membrane expression of antigen CD62P (P-selectin) by means of flow cytometric analysis. Aspirin efficacy was assessed by using arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. Blood samples were collected before the operation, immediately postoperatively, and on days 1, 2, 5, and 30.

Results: In the off-pump group expression of P-selectin was markedly increased in comparison with preoperative values, with a maximum difference observed on day 2 (+/- 53%, P=.02), and it was significantly higher compared with that seen in the on-pump group on days 2 and 5 (+/- 53% vs +/- 4%, P=.004, and +/- 20% vs -16%, P=.005). On day 30, P-selectin expression was similar both between the groups and in comparison with the preoperative values. Arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation was gradually decreasing until day 30, but on day 2, there was an unexpected increase in aggregation that was more expressed in the off-pump group.

Monopolar high-frequency motor mapping with train-of-5 stimuli (HF-TOF; pulse duration = 500 microseconds; interstimulus interval = 4.0 milliseconds; frequency = 250

Hz) was used to determine motor response-negative sites where incision and dissection could be performed. At sites negative to 3-mA HF-TOF stimulation, the tumor was resected.

RESULTS: HF-TOF mapping localized the motor neurons within the precentral gyrus by using variable, low-stimulation intensities. The lowest motor thresholds after final resection ranged from 3 to 6 mA, indicating close proximity of motor neurons. Post-operatively, 12 patients had no new motor deficit, 1 patient had a minor new temporary deficit (M4+, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Selleck Compound C 1), and another patient had a minor new permanent deficit ( M4+, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 2). Thirteen patients had complete or gross total resection.

CONCLUSION: These preliminary data demonstrate that a monopolar HF-TOF threshold > 3 mA was not associated with a significant new motor deficit.”
“Information processing models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that PTSD is characterized by preferential allocation of attentional resources to potentially threatening stimuli. However, few studies have examined the neural pattern

underlying attention and emotion in association with PTSD symptomatology. In the present study, Selleckchem Panobinostat combat veterans with PTSD symptomatology engaged in an emotional oddball task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Veterans were classified into a high or low symptomatology group based on their scores on the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS). Participants Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase discriminated infrequent target stimuli (circles) from frequent standards (squares) while emotional and neutral distractors were presented infrequently and irregularly. Results revealed that participants with greater PTSD symptomatology showed enhanced neural activity in ventral-limbic and dorsal regions for emotional stimuli and attenuated activity in dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal regions for attention targets. In the anterior cingulate gyrus, participants with fewer PTSD symptoms showed equivalent responses to attentional and emotional stimuli while the high symptom group showed greater activation for negative emotional stimuli. Taken together, the results suggest that hyperresponsive ventral-limbic activity coupled with altered dorsal-attention and anterior cingulate function may be a neural marker of attention bias in PTSD. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“The transport of proteins and lipids between distinct cellular compartments is conducted by coated vesicles. These vesicles are formed by the self-assembly of coat proteins on a membrane, leading to collection of the vesicle cargo and membrane bending to form a bud. Scission at the bud neck releases the vesicle.

The main etiology of CS was predominantly vascular. All patients were treated with a silicon sheet to cover the Selleck Savolitinib soft tissue defect and gradually reapproximate the skin margins. In 53% of the patients, a delayed final wound closure was achieved after a mean of 11.9 days. This method allows final closure of fasciotomy wounds without scar contractures, marginal necrosis, infection, or significant pain. (J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1826-8.)”
“The discrete functional classes of enteric neurons in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract have been successfully distinguished on the basis of the unique combination of molecules and enzymes in their cell bodies (“”chemical

coding”"). Whether the same chemical coding exists in varicose axons of different functional classes has not been systematically tested. In this study, we quantified the coexistence of markers that define classes of nerve cell bodies in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum, in varicose axons of the same neurons. Profound differences between the combinations of immunohistochemical markers in myenteric nerve cell Cediranib molecular weight bodies and in their varicosities were identified. These discrepancies were particularly notable for classes of neurons that had previously been classified as cholinergic, based on immunoreactivity

for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in their cell bodies. To detect cholinergic varicose axons of enteric neurons in this study, we used Isotretinoin antiserum against the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). ChAT-immunoreactivity has been reported to be consistently co-localized with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in interneuronal tell bodies, yet only 29 +/- 5% (n = 4) of 5-HT-immunoreactive varicosities contained vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Somatostatin coexists with ChAT-immunoreactivity in a class of descending interneuron but only 21 +/- 1% (n = 4) of somatostatin-immunoreactive varicosities were VAChT-immunoreactive. Comparable discrepancies were also noted for non-cholinergic markers. The results suggest that chemical coding of cell bodies does

not necessarily reflect chemical coding of varicose axon terminals and that the assumption that nerve cell bodies that contain ChAT are functionally cholinergic may be questionable. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.”
“It is well-known that amphetamine induces increased locomotor activity in rodents. We previously found that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of p-hydroxyamphetamine (p-OHA), an amphetamine metabolite, increases synaptic dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum. In the present study, we investigated the effect of p-OHA on locomotor activity in rodents.

In mice, i.c.v. administration of p-OHA significantly increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner. p-Hydroxynorephedrine, another amphetamine metabolite, did not increase locomotor activity.

We chart exciting avenues for research to gain comprehensive insights in the chaperone’s importance in cellular physiology, thereby presenting novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.”
“Ghrelin is an orexigenic stomach peptide previously EPZ5676 mw found to be important for the full display of anticipatory locomotor activity and hypothalamic neuronal activation that precedes a daily

scheduled meal in mice. Ghrelin is also important for food-related motivation and seems to have direct effects in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine reward system. Here we hypothesized that neuronal activation in reward-related areas in anticipation of a scheduled meal could be mediated by elevated ghrelin induced by scheduled feeding, PRIMA-1MET molecular weight and therefore this would be attenuated in ghrelin receptor knock-out (GHSR KO) animals. We found that this was indeed the case for the ventral tegmental area and the shell, but not the core, of the nucleus accumbens. In addition, our results show a reduction in the proportion of activated orexin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in GHSR KO animals in anticipation of the scheduled meal in comparison to the proportion of activated orexin neurons in wild type (WT) mice. Interestingly we observed that both GHSR and ghrelin KO mice had fewer orexin-IR

cells than their WT littermates suggesting that lack of ghrelin or sensitivity to ghrelin may play a role in the development of the orexin system. Our data also suggest that ghrelin may mediate food anticipation, in part, by stimulating both the orexin

system and the mesolimbic reward system. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aging induces morphological changes of the kidney and reduces renal function. We analyzed the low molecular weight urinary proteome of 324 healthy individuals from 2-73 years of age to gain insight on human renal aging. We observed age-related modification of secretion of 325 out of over 5000 urinary peptides. The majority of these changes were associated with renal development before and during puberty while 49 peptides were related to aging in adults. We therefore focussed the remainder of the study on these 49 check details peptides. The majority of these 49 peptides were also markers of chronic kidney disease, suggesting high similarity between aging and chronic kidney disease. Blinded evaluation of samples from healthy volunteers and diabetic nephropathy patients confirmed both the correlation of biomarkers with aging and with renal disease. Identification of a number of these aging-related peptides led us to hypothesize that reduced proteolytic activity is involved in human renal aging. Finally, among the 324 supposedly healthy individuals, some had urinary aging-related peptide excretion patterns typical of an individual significantly older than their actual age.

To this end, we explored a proof-of-concept “”retroviral”" strategy to further establish the post-mitotic status of NT2N cells by transfecting these cells with the transcription factor Nurr1, in addition

to the standard treatment with retinoic acid and mitotic inhibitors. This new cell line NT2N.Nurr1 displays an expedited neuronal commitment and secretes a RG7112 in vivo high level of the neurotrophic factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and when transplanted into the rodent stroke brain expressed neuronal phenotype and reduced behavioral impairments which are comparable, if not more robust, than those produced by NT2N cells. Such highly potent neuronal lineage commitment and neurotrophic factor secretory function of NT2.Nurr1 cells make them an appealing graft source for transplantation therapy. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: American College of Chest Physician (ACCP) guidelines stratify deep venous thrombosis (DVT) risk in trauma patients based on injury pattern and pharmacologic

prophylaxis. Screening is only recommended for patients selleck products with high-risk injuries who are unable to receive pharmacologic prophylaxis. However, the prevalence of lower extremity DVT (LEDVT) in trauma patients may be higher than reported in previous studies as many studies on DVT screening have not investigated calf vein DVTs (CVDVT) and have not exclusively targeted critically ill patients. Given that current ACCP guidelines recommend treatment of CVDVTs, we investigated the efficacy of duplex Edoxaban ultrasound (DUS) screening in critically ill trauma patients for all LEDVTs, including CVDVT, regardless of injury pattern, risk factors, or pharmacologic prophylaxis.

Methods: Medical records of 264 intensive care unit trauma patients who received

DUS screening for LEDVT were retrospectively examined for the presence of injuries conferring high risk for LEDVT, patient specific DVT risk factors, and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis.

Results:Forty (15.2%) patients had LEDVTs found on DUS screening, 24(60%) were CVDVT, and 30% of all DVTs were diagnosed within 1 week of admission. Patients without high-risk injuries receiving LMWH had a 13.5% DVT rate, which did not differ significantly from the 19.7% DVT rate in high-risk injury patients not receiving LMWH (P = .667).

Conclusions: Lower extremity DVT is common in critically ill trauma patients, particularly in the first week following injury, regardless of injury pattern, DVT risk factors, or pharmacologic prophylaxis. Previous studies have underestimated DVT rates by not investigating CVDVTs and not exclusively targeting critically ill patients. We recommend early and continued DUS DVT screening of all critically ill trauma patients. (J Vase Surg 2011;54:743-8.)”
“Protozoa exert a strong selective pressure in humans.

Immediately after behavioral studies, the animal’s brains were dissected out for histological studies. Lesions in the striatal dopaminergic neurons were assessed by immunohistochemical method using tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining. Administration

of 3-NPA alone caused significant depletion of striatal dopamine and glutathione, whereas, the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly increased suggesting an elevated level of oxidative stress. Trolox significantly and dose-dependently protected animals against 3-NPA-induced neurobehavioral, neurochemical and structural abnormalities. These results clearly suggest that protective effect of trolox against 3-NPA-induced neurotoxicity is mediated through its free radical scavenging activity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Theiler’s murine SB431542 mouse encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced immune-mediated demyelinating disease in susceptible mouse strains GSK2126458 has been extensively investigated as a relevant model for human multiple sclerosis. Previous investigations of antiviral T-cell responses focus on immune

responses to viral capsid proteins, while virtually nothing is reported on immune responses to nonstructural proteins. In this study, we have identified noncapsid regions recognized by CD4(+) T cells from TMEV-infected mice using an overlapping peptide library. Interestingly, a greater number of CD4(+) T cells recognizing an epitope (3D(21-36)) of the 3D viral RNA polymerase, in contrast to capsid epitopes, were detected in the CNS of TMEV-infected SJL mice, whereas only a minor population of CD4(+) T cells from infected C57BL/6 mice recognized this region. The effects of preimmunization and tolerization with these epitopes on the development of demyelinating disease indicated that capsid-specific CD4(+) Florfenicol T cells are protective

during the early stages of viral infection, whereas 3D(21-36)-specific CD4(+) T cells exacerbate disease development. Therefore, protective versus pathogenic CD4(+) T-cell responses directed to TMEV appear to be epitope dependent, and the differences in CD4(+) T-cell responses to these epitopes between susceptible and resistant mice may play an important role in the resistance or susceptibility to virally induced demyelinating disease.”
“Epidemiologic studies suggested a possible link between prenatal exposure to organophosphate insecticides (OP) and long-term mental delay and some behavioral troubles. Experimental studies in rats and mice have confirmed that a relatively short exposure to low doses of OP such as chlorpyrifos (CPF) during specific perinatal periods decreased anxiety-like behaviors. In the present study, we report that chronic perinatal exposure (GD15-PND14) to low doses of CPF leads to an increase (and not a decrease) in anxiety-like behaviors of female mouse offspring.

Pregnant or lactating female mice were exposed to CPF (0.

“
“Background: The role of intensive insulin therapy in patients with severe sepsis is uncertain. Fluid resuscitation improves survival among

patients with septic shock, but evidence is lacking to support the choice of either crystalloids or colloids.

Methods: In a multicenter, two-by-two factorial trial, we randomly assigned patients with severe sepsis to receive either intensive insulin therapy to maintain euglycemia or conventional insulin therapy and either 10% pentastarch, a low-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES 200/0.5), or modified Ringer’s lactate for fluid resuscitation. The rate of death at 28 days and the mean score for organ failure were coprimary end points.

Results: The trial was stopped early for safety reasons. Among 537 patients who could be evaluated, the mean morning blood glucose level was lower in the intensive-therapy group (112 mg per deciliter [6.2 mmol per liter]) CFTR modulator HKI-272 order than in the conventional-therapy group (151 mg per deciliter [8.4 mmol per liter], P<0.001). However, at 28 days, there was no significant difference between the two groups

in the rate of death or the mean score for organ failure. The rate of severe hypoglycemia (glucose level, <= 40 mg per deciliter [2.2 mmol per liter]) was higher in the intensive-therapy group than in the conventional-therapy group (17.0% vs. 4.1%, P<0.001), as was the rate of serious adverse events (10.9% vs. 5.2%, P=0.01). HES therapy was associated with higher rates of acute renal failure and renal-replacement therapy than was Ringer’s lactate.

Conclusions: The use

of intensive insulin therapy placed critically ill patients with sepsis at increased risk for serious adverse events related to hypoglycemia. As used in this study, HES was harmful, and its toxicity increased with accumulating doses. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00135473.).”
“Early-life immune insults (ELII) including xenobiotic-induced developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) are important factors in childhood and adult chronic diseases. However, prenatal and perinatal environmentally induced immune alterations have yet to be considered in depth in the context of autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Numerous factors produce Unoprostone early-life-induced immune dysfunction in offspring, including exposure to xenobiotics, maternal infections, and other prenatal-neonatal stressors. Early life sensitivity to ELII, including DIT, results from the heightened vulnerability of the developing immune system to disruption and the serious nature of the adverse outcomes arising after disruption of one-time immune maturational events. The resulting health risks extend beyond infectious diseases, cancer, allergy, and autoimmunity to include pathologies of the neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems.

However, for many of the known structures, functions are not yet determined, and in many modelling tasks, an accurate structural model does not necessarily tell us about function. Thus, there see more is a pressing need for high-throughput methods for determining function from structure. The spatial arrangement of key amino acids in a folded protein, on the surface or buried in clefts, is often the

determinants of its biological function. A central aim of molecular biology is to understand the relationship between such substructures or surfaces and biological function, leading both to function prediction and to function design. We present a new general method for discovering the features of binding pockets that confer specificity for particular ligands. Using a recently developed machine-learning technique which couples the rule-discovery approach of inductive logic programming with the statistical learning power of support vector machines, we are A-1210477 able to discriminate, with high precision (90%) and recall (86%) between pockets that bind FAD and those that bind NAD on a large benchmark set given only the geometry and composition of the backbone of the binding pocket without the use of docking. In addition, we learn rules governing this specificity which can feed into protein functional design protocols. An analysis of the rules found suggests that key features of the binding

pocket may be tied to conformational freedom in the ligand. The representation is sufficiently general to be applicable to any discriminatory binding problem. All programs and data sets are freely available to non-commercial ASK1 users at http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/svilp_ligand.”
“Purpose: We characterized continence, satisfaction and adverse events in women at least 5 years after Burch urethropexy or fascial sling with longitudinal followup of randomized clinical trial participants.

Materials and Methods: Of 655 women who participated in a randomized surgical trial comparing the efficacy of the Burch and sling treatments 482 (73.6%) enrolled in this long-term observational study. Urinary

continence status was assessed yearly for a minimum of 5 years postoperatively. Continence was defined as no urinary leakage on a 3-day voiding diary, and no self-reported stress incontinence symptoms and no stress incontinence surgical re-treatment.

Results: Incontinent participants were more likely to enroll in the followup study than continent patients (85.5% vs 52.2%) regardless of surgical group (p <0.0001). Overall the continence rates were lower in the Burch urethropexy group than in the fascial sling group (p = 0.002). The continence rates at 5 years were 24.1% (95% CI 18.5 to 29.7) vs 30.8% (95% CI 24.7 to 36.9), respectively. Satisfaction at 5 years was related to continence status and was higher in women undergoing sling surgery (83% vs 73%, p = 0.04). Satisfaction decreased with time (p = 0.001) and remained higher in the sling group (p = 0.03).