longipalpis saliva have been identified [41], suggesting that intensive efforts are required for the identification of salivary compounds responsible for the protective effect of sand fly saliva on

leishmaniasis. Conclusion In summary, the present study provides strong evidence that different Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva inoculation schemes may skew the initial cellular responses, which is reflected by parasitic survival or host resistance to infection. Thus, we believe that comprehending the effects of sand fly saliva on the host immune response induced by saliva may help in the generation of new vaccine strategies that can block the effects of see more saliva and prevent Leishmania establishment in the host. Acknowledgements We are thankful to FAPESP, CAPES, CNPq, INCTV and FAEPA for their financial support. References 1. Beach R, Kiilu G, Leeuwenburg J: Modification of sand fly biting behavior by Leishmania click here leads to increased parasite transmission. AmJTrop Med Hyg 1985,34(2):278–282. 2. Ribeiro JM: Role of saliva in blood-feeding by arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol 1987, 32:463–478.PubMedCrossRef 3. Titus RG, Ribeiro JM: The role of vector saliva in transmission of arthropod-borne disease. Parasitol Today 1990,6(5):157–160.PubMedCrossRef 4. Ribeiro JM: Blood-feeding arthropods: live syringes or invertebrate

pharmacologists? Infect Agents Dis 1995,4(3):143–152.PubMed 5. Waitumbi J, Warburg A: Phlebotomus papatasi saliva inhibits protein phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production by murine macrophages. Infect Immun 1998,66(4):1534–1537.PubMed 6. Titus RG, Bishop JV, Mejia JS: The immunomodulatory factors of arthropod saliva and the potential for these factors to serve as vaccine targets to prevent pathogen transmission. Parasite Immunol 2006,28(4):131–141.PubMed 7. Lima HC, Titus RG: Effects of sand fly vector saliva on development of cutaneous lesions and the immune to response to Leishmania braziliensis in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun 1996,64(12):5442–5445.PubMed 8. Mbow ML, Bleyenberg JA, Hall LR, Titus RG: Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly salivary

gland lysate down-regulates a Th1, but up-regulates a Th2, response in mice infected with Leishmania major. J Immunol 1998,161(10):5571–5577.PubMed 9. Belkaid Y, Kamhawi S, Modi G, Valenzuela J, Noben-Trauth N, Rowton E, Ribeiro J, Sacks DL: Development of a natural model of cutaneous leishmaniasis: powerful effects of vector saliva and saliva preexposure on the long-term outcome of Leishmania major infection in the mouse ear dermis. J Exp Med 1998,188(10):1941–1953.PubMedCrossRef 10. Scott P, Artis D, Uzonna J, Zaph C: The development of effector and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2004, 201:318–338.PubMedCrossRef 11. Sacks D, Anderson C: Re-examination of the immunosuppressive mechanisms mediating non-cure of Leishmania infection in mice.

Subjects underwent 6 weeks of supplementation with either betaine or selleckchem placebo administered in identical gelatin capsules. Before and after the treatment period skin fold and girth measurements were taken, and subjects completed a strength testing protocol. Additionally, urine was collected prior to treatment and at 2 week intervals thereafter. Subjects Twenty three experienced recreationally strength

trained males (weight: 86.8 ± 9.1 kg; training experience: 4.8 ± 2.3 months; BF%: 16.9 ± 8%) between the ages of 18 and 35 were recruited divided into two groups based on training experience (6 month intervals) and body fat percentage (2 percentage point intervals starting at 6%), and randomly www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html assigned to receive either the treatment (n = 11) or placebo (n = 12). Medical histories were obtained to exclude medical, musculoskeletal, and endocrine disorders, concurrent nutritional supplementation, and anabolic drugs. Additionally,

subjects must have met the inclusion criteria to be classified as experienced in resistance training [17]: previous consecutive resistance training equal to or greater than 24 months; a frequency of at least 3 resistance training sessions per week; at least 24 months experience in the back squat and bench press; and the ability to bench press a load equal to body weight and back squat at least 1.25 fold that of body weight. All subjects signed an informed consent form following verbal and written explanation of benefits and potential risks associated with participating in the study. Experimental controls Subjects were required to complete a 3-day food diary, and were instructed to consume a similar quantity/quality

of foods throughout the study in order avoid changes in nutritional status. Subjects were also required to perform all prescribed resistance training sessions, complete and submit training logs to the primary investigator 5-FU chemical structure on a weekly basis, and abstain from performing other structured exercise programs throughout the duration of the study. Subjects were required to render urine upon waking following an overnight fast. Limb girth, skin fold, strength, and power testing was carried out at the same time of day within 2 days prior to and immediately following the 6 week trial period. Prior to all exercise tests, subjects were familiarized with the assessment protocols. All methods and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Springfield College prior to data collection. Procedures All testing was conducted at the Springfield College Human Performance Laboratory (HPL). Subjects were required to report to the HPL on two separate occasions (pre-treatment and post treatment) where height, nude body mass, skin fold, anthropometric measurements, and maximal strength testing was performed.

Bacterial invasion and intracellular viability Analysis of the capability of mutants to enter avian macrophages was carried out using an invasion assay in the avian macrophage HD-11 cell line. Results showed no significant differences between mutant strains and the parent strains E058 and U17, with the invasion ratios varying from 0.24–0.26 (P>0.05). To determine whether the iron uptake systems are required for intracellular survival, we compared the CFU of the wild-types and isogenic mutants recovered at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours post infection (h.p.i.). We observed similar intracellular bacterial

proliferation rates, with rates of 62–65% at 2 h.p.i., which then decreased to a rate of approximately 50% at 4 h.p.i.. Rates fell sharply to approximately 10% at 6 h.p.i.. The numbers of recovered CFU at 12 and 24 h.p.i. were below detectable levels. selleck chemicals Since

iron acquisition systems are assumed to be functionally redundant, this may permit intracellular survival in the absence of one or several systems. Further, there may be TonB-independent transport systems that could compensate for the mutations in the intracellular environment. Histopathological lesions caused by iron acquisition Atezolizumab in vitro defective mutants in chickens Histopathological lesions in chickens challenged Adenylyl cyclase with virulent wild-type strains or iron acquisition defective mutants were compared. The lesions in the tested organs were graded according to the lesion severity and character (Table  1). The pathological characteristics of the tested visceral organs from chickens challenged with wild-type strains were as follows. In the heart sections, unequal-sized focal necrotic lesions were present in the disintegrated muscle fibers, and fibrous exudates appeared in the epicardium (Figure 3A and Figure 3F). The

liver sections showed that inflammatory cell infiltrations were present in the hepatic lobule, and numerous small fat granule vacuoles were observed in the cytoplasm (Figure 4A and Figure 4F). The lung sections revealed numerous inflammatory exudates in the bronchial cavity (data not show). However, no obvious pathological lesions were observed in the heart or liver sections of birds challenged with any of the mutant strains, except for the Δ chuT mutants (Figure 3 and Figure 4). The ΔchuT mutants caused lesions in both the heart and liver of the challenged birds that were equivalent to the wild-type strains. This was in accordance with the results obtained in chicken colonization and persistence assays, from which the chuT mutation did not affect the virulence of the wild-type strains (Figure 1).

At DAY 135- several groups demonstrated significant differences including: between M MAP versus MAP + NP-51 (both L and K); similarly in females (F) in the same experimental groups were significantly different ‘*’ P ≤ 0.05;

there were also notable differences ‘#’ (P ≤ 0.05) between M and F in the experimental groups MAP + NP-51 (both L and K). At DAY 90 among F, there was a significant difference PF 01367338 ‘*’ (P ≤ 0.05) between MAP v. MAP + L-NP-51; between the sexes – F-MAP vs. M-MAP and M-MAP + L-NP-51. Animals that were infected with viable MAP (L-MAP) and viable or non-viable NP-51 (L or K NP-51) demonstrate less MAP viability at Day 90 compared to similar experimental conditions at Day 135 or Day 180; however there was no statistical difference between these differences at DAY 90. Concentrations of MAP in the large intestine were low. Additionally, there was no pathology associated with MAP infection in the intestinal tissues of animals infected with viable or non-viable MAP. These data demonstrate that there may be associations to sex in MAP www.selleckchem.com/products/Liproxstatin-1.html infectivity of the intestinal tissues; however, to elucidate a clear correlation, further experiments will be conducted. Figure

2 qRT-PCR Assay to Quantitate MAP Cells from Infected BALB/c Mouse Tissues. B: MAP Concentrations in Liver Tissues. Similar to data from large intestinal tissues, liver samples from MAP infected animals at Day 90 demonstrated the least concentration of cells from animals fed viable or non-viable

NP-51. Female mice infected with viable MAP and fed viable NP-51 demonstrated less CYTH4 cells compared to MAP infected animals at Day 90, 135,and 180- however these results were not significantly different. Day 135 Control animals were contaminated with MAP as evidenced by histopathology (granulomas identified in liver tissues) and in these data. At DAY 180- there was a significant difference ‘*’ (P ≤ 0.05) between the following: M with viable MAP compared to M infected with viable MAP and fed live NP- 51 -MAP + L-NP-51; between M and F with MAP + L-NP-51, ‘**’ ,(P ≤ 0.05); and also, between M with MAP + L-NP-51 versus MAP + K-NP-51, ‘#’ ,(P ≤ 0.05). Histopathology analysis of liver tissues from animals infected with viable or non-viable MAP demonstrated granulomas; additionally, infected animals fed viable or non-viable NP-51 demonstrated granulomas. Similar to those data described in the large intestine, we observed differences between the sexes in MAP infectivity of the liver; also similar to those previously described- further analysis must be conducted to determine the contributive significance of this difference.

1% SDS, 1% BSA) and 10 μl of formamide. Probes

were denatured at 95°C for 5 min and applied onto the genomic array slide, covered with a cover slip (Hybri-slips, Sigma-Aldrich Co. St Louis U.S.A.) and hybridized at 45°C for 16 h. After hybridization the slides were washed sequentially for 5 min each in 2× SSC-0.1% SDS, 0.1× SSC-0.1% SDS, 0.1× SSC, and Ibrutinib concentration 0.01× SSC. The slides were dried and fluorescent signals were scanned using an Axon Genepix 4000B scanner at a resolution of 10 μm adjusting the laser and gain parameters to obtain similar levels of fluorescence intensity in both channels. Each microarray experiment was repeated six times (two technical replicates with the same RNA samples and three biological replicates using RNA isolated from a different culture). Analysis of DNA microarray data Spot intensities www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html were quantified using Axon GenePix Pro 6.0 image analysis software. First, an automatic spot finding and quantification option of the software was used. Subsequently, all spots were inspected individually and in some cases, the spot diameters were corrected or the spots were removed from the analysis. The mean of the signals and the median of backgrounds were used for further analysis. Raw data were imported into the R 2.2.1 software [65]. Background signals were subtracted using the Robust Multichip Analysis “”RMA”" [66] whereas normalization of the signal intensities within slides was

carried out using the “”printtiploess”" Org 27569 method and the LIMMA package [67, 68]. Normalized data were log2 transformed and then fitted into mixed model ANOVAs using the Mixed procedure [17, 18]. The p-values of the bean extract effects were adjusted for by the False Discovery Rate method “”FDR”" [69]. Changes in signal intensity of ± 1.5-fold

or higher/lower between treatments and controls were highly significant (FDR, p-value ≤ 0.05), however we focus only in differential expressed genes that fall in the more traditional criteria, which is the cut-off threshold for up-regulated (≥ 2) and down-regulated genes (≤ 0.5). The genes were subject to cluster analysis with Gene Cluster 3.0, using the uncentered Pearson correlation and complete linkage clustering. Results were visualized with Treeview as described by Eisen and collaborators [18]. Microarray validation by Reverse transcription-PCR analysis RT-PCR analysis was carried out to validate the array hybridization data. RT-PCR analysis was performed for nine up-regulated genes under the effect of bean leaf extract. These RT-PCR experiments involved independent biological experiments from those used for microarray analysis. DNA-free RNA was obtained and checked for integrity in an agarose gel, 200 ng of total RNA were used for reverse transcription (RT) and PCR using the SuperScript one-step kit (Invitrogen, California, USA). A list of the primers used in this analysis is available on request.

Nanotechnology 2005, 16:158–163.CrossRef 35. Pawinrat P, Mekasuwandumrong O, Panpranot J: Synthesis of Au–ZnO and Pt–ZnO nanocomposites by one-step flame spray pyrolysis and its application for photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Catalysis Communications 2009, 10:1380–1385.CrossRef 36. Tong YH, Liu YC, Lu SX, Dong

L, Chen SJ, Xiao ZY: The optical Fulvestrant chemical structure properties of ZnO nanoparticles capped with polyvinyl butyral. J Sol–Gel . Sci Technol 2004, 30:157–161. 37. Nikesh VV, Mahamuni S: Highly photoluminescent ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots. Semiconductor Science Technology 2001, 16:687–690.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions XHW, XYZ, and WZC synthesized the nanoparticles and measured the

microstructure. HQS, XL and XML measured, and analyzed the optical properties of the nanoparticles. This research work was carried out under the instruction of HLL and JHW. All authors contributed to discussing the results and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final AZD5363 manuscript.”
“Background Quantum dots have been widely applied in the biomedical field due to their various advantages such as size-dependent optical properties, high fluorescence quantum yields, and excellent stability against photobleaching [1–3]. However, the biomedical applications of conventional semiconductor quantum dots which generally composed of the elements from the II-VI group or III-V group (e.g., Selleck Ponatinib CdSe) have been greatly limited by the release of heavy metals [1–5]. Recently, carbon luminescent

nanomaterials have incited great research interest because of their lower toxicity than semiconductor quantum dots and high photostability compared to organic dyes [6–9]. Graphene is a kind of two dimensional honeycomb structure composed by single layer of sp2 carbon atoms, which has been studied in various fields such as optoelectronic devices, energy storage media and drug delivery vectors [10–12]. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a kind of zero-dimensional material, have the same single-atom layer as graphene but their lateral dimensions are less than 100 nm [13–16]. Owing to their high surface area and good biocompatibility, GQDs have the potential to be vectors for delivery protein or drug molecules to cells [6, 12, 17–19]. GQDs can also serve as good fluorescent probes for bioimaging due to their excellent luminescent properties [6, 20, 21]. Beyond that, when functionalized with different chemical groups, GQDs can be used to build multifunctional structure through combining with various other materials such as protein, drug molecules, and nanotubes by covalent linkage, which will extend their widespread applications in biomedical field [18, 22, 23]. Jing and his colleagues have fabricated multifunctional core-shell structure capsules composed of olive oil, dual-layer porous TiO2 shell, Fe3O4, and GQDs [23].

Strain taxonomy assays yielded six V. cholerae, three V. parahaemolyticus, one Vibrio alginolyticus and one Vibrio natriegens strains (Table 1). All the V. cholerae strains were identified as non-O1/O139 serotypes, while the V. parahaemolyticus strains were identified as O5:KUT serotype. Toxin-related genes were detected by PCR. In all cases, V. cholerae strains were detected as not virulent, since amplification of cholera CT toxin ctxA gene was negative. Among the

V. parahaemolyticus strains, all were detected positive for the tlh gene, but featured no toxic tdh and trh genes. The V. alginolyticus Chn4 was detected negative for the toxic trh gene, whereas V. natriegens yielded no products for the toxic genes tested. Table 1 Phenotypic resistance profiles C646 research buy for antibiotics and heavy metals of

the Vibiro stains harboring SXT7R391-like Paclitaxel order ICEs isolated from aquatic products and environment in the Yangtze River Estuary Strains ICEs Source, year of isolation Resistance to antibiotics Resistance to heavy metals V. cholerae Chn5* ICEVchChn1 Yangze River Estuary, surface water, 2010-2011 STR – V. cholerae Chn64 ICEVchChn2 Yangze River Estuary, surface water, 2010-2011 AMP Hg, Cd, Cu V. cholerae Chn86 ICEVchChn3 Yangze River Estuary, surface water, 2010-2011 – Hg, Cd, Cu V. cholerae Chn91 ICEVchChn4 Yangze River Estuary, surface water, 2010-2011 AMP, RIF Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu V. cholerae Chn92 ICEVchChn5 Yangze River Estuary, surface water, 2010-2011 AMP, RIF Hg, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu V. cholerae Chn108 * ICEVchChn6 Yangze River Estuary, surface water, 2010-2011 AMP, SUL, STR Hg, Cd, Pb V. parahaemolyticus Chn25* ICEVpaChn1 Shanghai fish markets, shrimps, 2011 BCKDHA SUL, STR – V. parahaemolyticus Chn46 ICEVpaChn2 Shanghai fish markets, shrimps, 2011 AMP – V. parahaemolyticus Chn66 ICEVpaChn3 Shanghai fish markets, shrimps,

2011 AMP Hg, Cd, Pb V. alginolyticus Chn4 ICEValChn1 Shanghai fish markets, shrimps, 2011 AMP Hg, Cd, Pb V. natriegens Chn64 ICEVnaChn1 Shanghai fish markets, shrimps, 2011 AMP, SUL, STR – AMP ampicillin, RIF rifampicin, SUL sulfamethoxazole, STR streptomycin, Cd chromium, Cu copper, Hg mercury, Pb lead, Zn zinc; -: not detected. *The strains were employed as the donors in conjugation experiments. Antimicrobial susceptibility and heavy metal resistance of the Vibrio strains harboring the SXT/R391-like ICEs The eleven Vibrio strains harboring the SXT/R391-like ICEs derived from aquatic products and environment in the Yangtze River Estuary were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing. As summarized in Table 1, all strains were susceptible to five of the ten antimicrobial agents tested, including chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin and trimethoprim. Strain V. cholerae Chn86 was susceptible to all the ten agents. It is known that ICEs transfer very diverse functions to allow their host to grow in hostile environments [4].

9 to 200 nm. The agglomeration of Au and Fe films slightly differed because of the Selleck Selinexor variation lattice mismatch in the thermal coefficient. The Fe nanoparticles were trapped in the void nucleation area between the Au clusters, which were produced by the grooving of the grain boundary. Figure 2b shows the MWCNTs grown on the AuFe catalyst. A horizontally oriented MWCNT network was formed with the remaining Au clusters on the substrate, which indicated the absence of growth on these clusters. In this case, the Au clusters formed a passivation layer to suppress nanotube growth, whose growth rate primarily depended on the availability

of Fe nanoparticles. From least density of Fe nanoparticles, the nanotube growth occurred at a much lower rate of 0.02 μm/min with horizontally lying MWCNTs on the substrate as a result

of weak attraction forces of the van der Waals among the neighboring nanotubes. The ends of the nanotubes were linked and overlapped among the neighboring tubes, hence forming a netlike structure. The growth rate of the CNT-based Fe catalyst was approximately 900 times lower than that reported by Moulton et al. [18], which resulted in a low-density formation. Figure 2 Formation of catalyst and characteristics of the resultant MWCNTs on TiN/thermally oxidized Si (100). (a) SEM image of the AuFe catalyst after annealing, (b) growth of the resultant MWCNTs for 30 min, and (c) SEM image of the peeled surface of MWCNTs. Figure 2c shows the peeled surface of the nanotubes Protein kinase N1 grown on the AuFe catalyst. A base growth mechanism was evidenced by AP24534 the presence of Fe nanoparticles on the substrate, which was similar

to the findings of Bower et al. [19]. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the catalyst nanoparticles and the growth of the resultant nanotube. The distribution of the resultant nanotubes was smaller than their catalyst in terms of diameter. This result could be attributed to the restriction of nanotube growth on the Fe nanoparticles, a growth caused by the strong interface reaction between the Fe nanoparticles and the TiN layer. Table 1 Characteristics of the catalyst nanoparticles and the growth of the resultant nanotubes Type of catalyst/CNTs Formation Range of size/diameter (nm) Density (×1010/cm2) RMS (nm) Growth rate (μm/min) AuFe catalyst Connected clusters with small nanoparticles 16.9 to 200 9.07 4.81 – MWCNTs Horizontally oriented 7.0 to 9.0 22.31 5.36 0.02 Figure 3 shows the SEM images of the as-transferred horizontally oriented MWCNT network on the flexible substrate. Most of these CNTs retained their shapes on the flexible substrate without any significant changes in diameter and length, achieving a 90% yield rate. The adhesion between the adhesive underlayer and the flexible substrate was assumed to be much stronger than that between the as-grown horizontally oriented nanotubes and the TiN layer/thermally oxidized Si (100) substrate. Zhu et al.

Many Gram-positive aerobes contain only menaquinones [23]. Bacillus subtilis which can grow Selleckchem Inhibitor Library both aerobically and anaerobically uses menaquinone for aerobic, nitrate, and nitrite respiration [24]. The D. hafniense DCB-2 genome lacks the ubiquinone biosynthesis pathway but contains a complete

menaquinone biosynthesis pathway, enabled by a hexacistronic operon (menBCDEFH; Dhaf_0469-0474) and two separately located genes, menA (Dhaf_4028) and menG (Dhaf_3067). Transfer of electrons to a quinone pool is largely mediated by a respiratory-chain enzyme NADH:quinone oxidoreductase. The enzyme complex of DCB-2 is encoded by an 11 gene operon (Dhaf_3741-3751). Besides NADH, formate serves as an important electron donor to a menaquinone pool in anaerobic respiration with substrates such as nitrate, DMSO, and TMAO. Oxidation of formate to CO2, 2H+, and 2e- is catalyzed by quinone-dependent formate dehydrogense (FDHase) while NAD-dependent FDHase directs carbon fixation by converting CO2 to formate which is subsequently used in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Two putative FDHase operons were identified in D. hafniense DCB-2 (fdh-1 and fdh-2). The quinone-dependent FDHase operon, fdh-1 (Dhaf_4269-4271), selleck screening library contains a complete set of three genes encoding a catalytic molybdopterin enzyme FdhA, a 4Fe-4S

protein FdhB, and a quinone-binding cytochrome FdhC. Our transcriptomic study indicated that this operon was inducible

when ferric ion was used as the electron acceptor for respiration [25], suggesting that the quinone-dependent FDHase may play a role in dissimilatory ferric ion reduction. Genes encoded in fdh-2 (Dhaf_1396-1398) are consistent with its role as NAD-dependent FDHase, with genes encoding a selenocysteine-containing catalytic subunit FdhA, and two other subunits, FdhB and FdhC, both having NADH dehydogenase activity. A fourth gene was identified within the operon, putatively encoding methenyl-THF (tetrahydrofolate) synthetase. This enzyme catalyzes the interchange of 5-formyl-THF to 5-10-methenyl-THF in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Cytochromes and oxidoreductases Mirabegron Dissimilar to other metal reducers, D. hafniense DCB-2 contains a small number of genes for c-type cytochromes with only ten such genes, in comparison with 103 in Geobacter sulfurreducens and 91 in G. metallireducens, where c-type cytochromes are implicated in Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction [26, 27]. Eight annotated c-type cytochrome genes in D. hafniense DCB-2 are associated with the reductions of nitrite (Dhaf_3630, Dhaf_4235), sulfite (Dhaf_0258), fumarate (Dhaf_3768, Dhaf_4309), and TMAO (Dhaf_1279, Dhaf_4696, Dhaf_4918), but the two others have no implicated function.

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