The results showed that extracellular glutamate concentration in the CM was decreased following administration of morphine in non-sensitized rats. However, morphine-induced behavioral sensitization significantly increased the extracellular glutamate concentration in this area. The enhancement of glutamate in morphine sensitized rats was prevented by administration of naloxone 30 min before each CX-6258 price of

three daily doses of morphine. These results suggest an adaptation of the glutamatergic neuronal transmission in the hippocampus after morphine sensitization and it is postulated that opioid receptors may play an important role in this effect. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Pigs are capable of generating reassortant influenza viruses of pandemic potential, as both the avian and mammalian influenza viruses can infect pig epithelial cells in the respiratory tract. The source of the current influenza pandemic is H1N1 influenza A virus, possibly of swine

origin. This study was conducted to understand better the pathogenesis of H1N1 influenza virus and associated host Evofosfamide mucosal immune responses during acute infection in humans. Therefore, we chose a H1N1 swine influenza virus, Sw/OH/24366/07 (SwIV), which has a history of transmission to humans. Clinically, inoculated pigs had nasal discharge and fever and shed virus through nasal secretions. Like pandemic H1N1, SwIV also replicated extensively in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, and lung lesions were typical of H1N1 infection. We detected innate, proinflammatory, Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokines, as well as SwIV-specific IgA antibody in lungs of the virus-inoculated

pigs. Production of IFN-gamma by lymphocytes of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes was also detected. Higher frequencies of cytotoxic T ALOX15 lymphocytes, gamma delta T cells, dendritic cells, activated T cells, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detected in SwIV-infected pig lungs. Concomitantly, higher frequencies of the immunosuppressive T regulatory cells were also detected in the virus-infected pig lungs. The findings of this study have relevance to pathogenesis of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in humans; thus, pigs may serve as a useful animal model to design and test effective mucosal vaccines and therapeutics against influenza virus.”
“Periodic transmeningeal administration of muscimol into the neocortical epileptogenic zone via a subdurally implanted device has been proposed for the treatment of intractable focal neocortical epilepsy. It is unknown whether such muscimol applications induce tolerance. The purpose of this study was to determine whether daily transmeningeal (epidural) muscimol applications into the rat parietal cortex induce tolerance to the antiepileptic effect of this drug. Rats were chronically implanted with an epidural cup and adjacent epidural EEG electrodes over the right parietal cortex. After recovery 1.