Examination of C/EBPβ and HDAC1 revealed that C/EBPβ and HDAC1 were increased in the livers of Little mice (Fig. 7D). We found that the amounts of C/EBPβ-HDAC1 complexes are higher in Little mice and that these complexes occupy and repress the gankyrin promoter in Little mice treated with DEN (Fig. 7E). Gankyrin is a protein that is activated in liver cancer and causes degradation or elimination of activities of five tumor suppressor proteins; Rb, p53, C/EBPα, HNF4α,

and p16.1, selleck 5-7, 22 This places gankyrin in a unique position to be a target for therapeutic approaches in the prevention of liver cancer. In this study, we elucidated the mechanisms of activation of gankyrin during the development of liver cancer. Four lines of evidence show that development of liver cancer involves the reduction of FXR and subsequent activation of gankyrin. First, DEN-mediated carcinogenesis in WT mice reduces FXR, leading to the reduction of HDAC1-C/EBPβ complexes and activation of the gankyrin promoter. Second, the deletion of FXR signaling in

FXR/SHP selleck chemicals llc KO mice activates gankyrin in the liver, leading to development of liver cancer. Third, high levels of FXR in Little mice prevent development of age-associated liver cancer and development of cancer under DEN protocol. Fourth, levels of FXR are reduced in spontaneously developed mouse and human liver tumors, whereas gankyrin is elevated. Fig. 7F summarizes our studies and presents our hypothesis, according to which the elevation of gankyrin triggers degradation of four tumor suppressor proteins and leads to liver cancer. Based on the literature and our observations, we suggest that the gankyrin-mediated

elimination of C/EBPα is associated with phosphorylation at S193, while other proteins might be degraded by additional mechanisms such as activation of MDM2 (for p53) and direct interactions of gankyrin with Rb. These findings provide a basis for the generation of gankyrin-based therapeutic approaches in the prevention of liver cancer. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. “
“Sophocarpine, a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Sophora alopecuroides L, has been documented that it can suppress pro-inflammatory selleck chemicals cytokines synthesis in alleviating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in vivo. TLR4 is a pattern recognition receptor whose activation results in the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. It has been reported that TLR4 is up-regulated in NAFLD and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NASH. This study aimed to examine the changes of TLR4 and its signaling pathways in sophocarpine’s anti-inflammatory process on experimental NASH in vitro. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and oleic acid-induced steatosis model was established. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the number of metabolically active mitochondria and viable cells.