WT colonies were visible on agar after 2 days. Colonies of 10 mutants were visible only after 18 days and 13 clones did not form colonies after 21 days. These 23 cold-sensitive mutants were further tested for growth in LB medium with shaking at 30 and 10 °C. After three independent cultures, four clones were reproducibly impaired for growth at 10 °C, 8C12, 11D1, 9H2 and 34G8 mutants (Fig. 1a). These four strains belong to the group of mutants that did not form any colony after 21 days of incubation at p38 MAPK inhibitor a low temperature. All grew as the WT strain at 30 °C (Fig. 1b). Southern hybridizations confirmed that all mutants carried

a single copy of the transposon (data not shown). For the 34G8 and 8C12 mutants, sequencing of the DNA flanking the transposon insertion site revealed that mini-Tn10 was inserted into the same chromosomal region, respectively, in the BC3773 and BC3774 ORFs, coding for the α and β subunits of the pyruvate ferredoxin

Selleck BI 2536 oxidoreductase (PFOR) involved in the reductive monocarboxylic acid cycle. In the 11D1 mutant, transposon was inserted into the promoter region of the BC3118 gene, encoding a small cytochrome P450-like enzyme with an unknown function. In the mutant 9H2, transposon was inserted into the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the BC0259 gene coding for a putative RNA helicase. These mutants were then tested under various stress conditions. Only the mutant 9H2 behaved as the WT over the range of pH (Fig. 2a) and NaCl (Fig. 2b) concentrations tested, suggesting that the

mutation altered a gene important for cold adaptation and not for adaptation to other stresses: this mutant was therefore selected for further characterization. Growth of the mutant 9H2 at 10 °C was delayed by approximately 100 h compared with WT, whereas at Mirabegron 30 °C, growth of both strains was identical (Fig. 1). Stable cell counts during an extended lag at 10 °C suggest cell adaptation rather than death (not shown). The morphology of 9H2 cells at 30 °C was similar to that of WT cells (data not shown). At 10 °C, WT and 9H2 cells were longer than at 30 °C and 9H2 formed large aggregates (single cells were rarely observed). During incubation at 4 °C, viable counts decreased regularly over time, and after 35 days, a viability loss of 5 log CFU was observed for WT cells vs. 4 log CFU for 9H2 cells (Fig. 3). In the presence of chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein translation, a viability loss of only 2 log CFU was observed for WT and 9H2 cells. In the 9H2 mutant, transposon was inserted 61 bp upstream of the start codon of the BC0259 gene encoding an RNA helicase (Fig. 4a). We confirmed by sequence analysis that the promoter located in the transposon was oriented opposite to that of BC0259 transcription, which is consequently only driven by its own promoter.