Those requiring 3–6 monthly anti-HCV testing are MSM with normal transaminases but with regular high risk exposure (e.g., unprotected sex between men [especially in the context of concurrent STI, high risk sexual practices, and recreational drug use]), and those

regularly sharing drug equipment or snorting cocaine but with normal transaminases. However, despite the known link between cocaine snorting and acute HCV, the best screening strategy for patients remains unclear. We recommend commencing ART when the CD4 count is less than 500 cells/μL in all patients who are not to commence anti-HCV treatment immediately (1B). We suggest commencing ART when the CD4 count is greater than 500 cells/μL in all patients who are not to

commence anti-HCV treatment immediately (2D). We recommend commencing ART to allow ALK inhibitor drugs immune recovery before anti-HCV therapy is initiated when the CD4 count is less than 350 cells/μL. We recommend commencing ART to optimise immune status before anti-HCV therapy is initiated when the CD4 count is 350–500 cells/μL unless there is an urgent indication for anti-HCV treatment when ART should be commenced as soon as the patient has been stabilised on HCV therapy. Proportion of patients with a CD4 count < 500 cells/μL commencing ART CAL-101 cost The assessment and recommendations on when to initiate ART in patients with HCV/HIV infection are based on theoretical considerations and indirect data as no RCT evidence exists. Observational data demonstrate that individuals with HCV coinfection have faster rates of fibrosis progression and an increased risk of cirrhosis, ESLD, HCC and liver-related death than those with HCV monoinfection, and the risk of liver-related mortality and HCC increases as the CD4 cell count declines [43]. Successful treatment outcome with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) therapy for Nabilone hepatitis C in the context of HCV/HIV infection lessens as the CD4 cell count declines [44–48]. ART slows the progression of liver disease by improving immune function and reducing HIV-immune

activation [49–51], although patients with coinfection are more likely to experience drug-induced liver injury (DILI), especially in the context of advanced liver disease. ART-mediated benefits to the prognosis of hepatitis C outweigh the risks of DILI, even in the setting of cirrhosis, but the importance of correct ART choice in HCV coinfection should be emphasised [52–53]. The advent of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) for HCV has increased the need of awareness of drug–drug interactions (DDI) in planning treatment strategies. There are no direct data to support early initiation of ART in individuals with HCV/HIV infection. It is important to time the start of ARVs to fit with whether or not HCV therapy is required imminently.