The initial response to the dam closure appears to have occurred. In the Dam-Proximal reach, channel adjustment has been largely achieved a steady state

with respect to minimum bed elevation (Fig. 9A) and the cross-sectional area rate of change has lessened (Fig. 7). In the River-Dominated Interaction reach (Fig. 9B), the minimum bed elevation continues to change through time which indicates it has not completely GSK2118436 stabilized. However, the historical trend indicates that the rate of change in cross-sectional area is decreasing for all sites (Fig. 7). This suggests that the river in the River-Dominated Interaction reach has not yet achieved its new equilibrium, though the rate of change in the reach has decreased relative to the first two decades Gefitinib following installation of the dam. Although each reach could be achieving stability, the boundaries of the different reaches will likely continue to migrate. The Dam-Proximal reach will continue to migrate downstream into the Dam-Attenuating reach as upstream sediment supply continues to be limited. Islands in this reach will be eroded and channel capacity will continue to increase from bed and bank erosion. Fines are transported farther downstream than

coarse material and will ultimately end up in the reservoir. The coarser sediment from the islands and bed will be transported downstream (likely into the next reach), which will extend the River-Dominated Interaction reach upstream. The Reservoir-Dominated Interaction reach will continue to extend longitudinally both upstream and downstream from sediment transported from upstream as well as the reduced velocity from the Oahe Dam. The timescale of this adjustment is unclear and ultimately depends on the Oxymatrine limit of bed degradation (when the channel reaches bedrock control, for example), the limits of bank erosion (which could result from vegetation or from bank armoring), and the hydrology (which depends on flow management and climate change). Important management consequences can arise as a result of the interaction between the two dams in the Garrison Dam Segment. The first is the

continued loss of islands, which are habitat for endangered Least Tern and Piping Plover and are currently actively managed to mitigate the impacts from the Garrison Dam. If the Dam-Proximal reach continues to migrate downstream, islands will continue to be lost and more active management may be required. The second consequence is the growth of the Interaction reaches near the city of Bismark. The increased accumulation of sediment in this reach has significant implication for the management of infrastructure and flooding risk due to ice jamming. Third, navigational issues in the lower reach of this segment will likely continue and will increase in extent both downstream into Lake Oahe, as well as upstream into the city of Bismarck.