Refinements on the technique have been described in subsequent reports which have paralleled advancement in angiographic methods, including provocative angiography with fibrinolytic agents [4–8]. From these reports, several guiding principles can be elucidated. When the AVM is localized on angiography, the most distal BYL719 price arterial tributary should be cannulated by a microcatheter and safely secured for
transport. This can be done in the angiography suite or a hybrid operating theater. Following this the small bowel must be exposed either via a limited midline laparotomy or laparoscopy before injection of methylene blue. The limited segment of small bowel, usually 10cm or less is readily identified and resected with pathological confirmation. Clinical success is confirmed by long-term follow up. After a careful review of the literature, this report represents the first case in the utilization of CTA in the diagnosis of a non-actively bleeding small bowel AVM which then MM-102 cell line enabled focused angiography and subsequent limited enterectomy. The CTA demonstrated the abnormality in the left-sided, proximal jejunum which corresponded to the 4th jejunal branch by transfemoral
angiography. Not only did this spare the patient additional contrast load, it may have not been localized, or required provocative angiography, with its inherent risks, if not for the pathological finding on CTA. As the quality of the CTA has improved with new Thiamet G generation scanner Selleck GSK1120212 technology, this diagnostic study should be considered in the work-up of the non-actively, obscure GI bleeding patients, with a focus on small bowel lesions and AVMs. Further study is warranted to truly gauge its sensitivity and specificity in this patient population. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication
of this Case Report and any accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal. References 1. Lau WY, Wong SY, Ngan H, Fan ST, Wong KK: Intra-operative localization of bleeding small intestinal lesions. Br J Surg 1988, 75:249–251.PubMedCrossRef 2. Fogler R, Golembe E: Methylene blue injection: An intraoperative guide in small bowel resection for arteriovenous malformation. Arch Surg 1978, 113:194–195.PubMedCrossRef 3. Athanasoulis CA, Moncure AC, Greenfield AJ, Ryan JA, Dodson TF: Intraoperative localization of small bowel bleeding sites with combined use of angiographic methods and methylene blue injection. Surgery 1980,87(1):77–84.PubMed 4. McDonald ML, Farnell MB, Stanson AW, Ress AM: Preoperative highly selective catheter localization of occult small-intestinal hemorrhage with methylene blue dye. Arch Surg 1995, 130:106–108.PubMedCrossRef 5.