r than in Marzemino, and almost 20 fold higher than in Grignolino and Nebbiolo. Aglia nico and Marzemino yielded dark grape skin extracts, with the highest concentrations of anthocya nins, and their anthocyanin profiles were predominantly composed of 35 OH anthocyanins. Grignolino and Nebbiolo produced reddish skin extracts, with anthocyanin profiles depleted in Carfilzomib 35 OH anthocyanins. The level of expression of every F35H copy was highly variable in berry skin of different cultivars. As a result, the contribution of individual gene copies to the F35H transcript pool was unique to each cultivar. PCR efficiency differences across cultivars are inherent when dealing with four heterozygous grapevine accessions of unrelated pedigree, due to possible nucleotide divergence across the eight haplotypes.

For each F35H primer pair we assessed that the standard deviation of PCR efficiency among cultivars is less than 10%, and it is therefore unli kely to explain these results. A two way ANOVA identi fied significant differences in relative transcript levels among duplicate F35Hs within each cultivar. F35Hf was the predominately expressed copy in Aglianico. PCR efficiency for this copy in Aglianico was 96. 2%, which is within the bounds of the standard deviation of the aver age PCR efficiency of this gene family in the same culti var. F35Hi was the predominately expressed copy in Nebbiolo, and also in Grignolino together with F35Hf. In contrast, F35Hj expression pre dominated in Marzemino.

F35Hg, h, l, and p were consistently expressed at lower levels across all cultivars, despite the observation that PCR efficiencies of their pri mer pairs were not lower than other F35H copies in the accessions under study. Traces of transcripts of the copies F35Hm, n, and o were never detected in the preliminary semiquantitative PCR screening at any stage of berry ripening in any of the accessions tested, even when PCR products were stained with silver nitrate for high sensitivity. Thus, they were excluded from further investigation by qPCR. A three way ANOVA was used to decouple and test the significance of three factors that contributed to the observed variation of expression patterns, gene copy, culti var, and developmental stage. All three factors were significant, as well as the interactions, gene copy �� developmental stage, gene copy �� cultivar, cultivar �� developmental stage, and gene copy �� cultivar �� developmental stage.

Distinct temporal expression patterns of duplicate F35Hs during ripening Individual gene copies were differentially regulated dur ing ripening. Differences in the expression pattern of individual F35Hs with regard to developmental time were statistically significant in each of the four varieties, separately analysed by one way ANOVA and when aver aged across cultivars. F35Hi and j were expressed early, and attained a peak of expression between full veraison and ten days post veraison, consis tently among cultivars. Late in ripening, F35H expres sion w