Parkinson’s disease is a chronic and progressive neurological disease, the symptoms of which include tremors, stiffness and slow or hesitant speech. While the disease is most commonly associated with older people, it is thought that around one in ten people are diagnosed before the age of 50. There are now almost 1.2 million people suffering from Parkinson’s disease Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Europe and over 1 million

in US; however, medication only provides patients with temporary symptomatic relief, while access to care and treatment differs widely depending on where patients live [15]. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by massive depletion of striatal dopamine as a result of degeneration of dopaminergic

neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Beside the lack of dopamine at the cellular level the formation of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra, which are cytoplasmic inclusions composed of fibrils, ubiquitin, and alpha-synuclein may appear [16, 17]. Pharmaceutical agents that are used to treat BVD-523 chemical structure neurodegenerative Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical diseases are Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical usually administered orally, such as donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine, galantamine and tacrine for Alzheimer’s disease [18], or levodopa, entacapone, pramipexole, ropinrole, benserazide, carbidopa, tolcapone, entacapone, selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide for Parkinson’s disease [19]. However, most of the ingested drugs Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical do not reach the brain in a fully way and are, instead, metabolized totally or partially by the liver. This inefficient utilization of drug may require ingestions of higher drug concentrations

that can produce toxic effects in the heart, liver, or kidney. Also, many therapeutic agents are poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous solutions. These drugs provide challenges to deliver them orally or parentally, however, these compounds can have significant benefits when formulated through other technologies such as liposomes. Drug delivery to the brain remains the major challenge for the treatment of all neurodegenerative diseases because of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical numerous protective first barriers surrounding the central nervous system. Various strategies have been developed to deliver drugs into the brain that would not otherwise be able to cross the BBB. Commonly, although quite undesirable, an intraventricular catheter is surgically implanted to deliver a drug directly into the brain. New therapeutic drugs that cross the BBB are critically needed for treatment of many brain diseases. One of the significant factors on neuro-therapeutics is the constraint of the BBB and the drug release kinetics that cause peripheral serious side effects. Contrary to common belief, neurodegenerative and neurological diseases may be multisystemic in nature, and this presents numerous difficulties for their potential treatment.