Nevertheless, a cost-effective production of biosurfactant is a major challenge which necessitates the study of low-price carbon sources for enhanced quantity

without compromise in quality of biosurfactant. Some studies dealt with the use of plant-derived oils, oily wastes and lactic whey as carbon sources [2]. Specifically, pseudomonas strains are well known for their ability to produce rhamnolipid type of biosurfactants when grown on various renewal resources, especially agro-industrial wastes, such as molasses, for biosurfactants production. This leads to the greater possibility for economical production and reduced Erastin datasheet pollution caused by those wastes [26]. The main reasons for widespread use of molasses as substrate are their low price compared to other sources of sugar and their possession of several other compounds and

vitamins [8], [10] and [15]. The production of a biosurfactant by various bacterial strains is being well studied today, and studies on optimizing the conditions of biosurfactant production, including temperature, pH, salinity, non-hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon substrates, nitrogen source type, and the C/N ratio had been treated as the most important CB-839 aspects of this field [6]. Nevertheless, no significant literature is available regarding the statistical modeling, including Taguchi design, for rhamnolipids production on renewable substrates. Taguchi design undertakes orthogonal arrays to reduce the number of experiments required to determine the optimal setting of process parameters. The effectiveness

of the Taguchi method for improving quality in industry has extensively been verified. However, most of the Taguchi applications concerned with the optimization of only one response, while most of the industrial problems are concerned with multiple ADP ribosylation factor responses [28]. Whereas, grey relational analysis (GRA), based on grey system theory, is the solution for solving the problem of complicated interrelationships among the multi-responses. The term ‘Grey’ lies between ‘Black’ (symbols no information) and ‘White’ (symbols full information), and it symbolizes that the information is partially available. It is suitable to unascertained problems with poor and incomplete information. This method transforms multiple quality characteristics into single grey relational grades. By comparing the computed grey relational grades, the arrays of respective quality characteristics are obtained in accordance with response grades to select an optimal set of process parameters. This methodology has been widely applied in many industries such as biotechnology, food processing, molecular biology, wastewater treatment, and bioremediation [4] and [9]. In this study, using the grey relational method, different process parameters for the best multiple quality characteristics have been investigated.