In this series, patients who survived without metastatic disease for three, six, or nine months on chemotherapy alone still benefitted from the addition of chemoradiation therapy. However, other unrecorded factors such as performance status and cancer or non-cancer related comorbidities may have pushed healthier patients into the CCRT group and accounted for the better survival in this group. Surgery remains the only Selleckchem Epacadostat treatment of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical localized pancreatic cancer that offers the possibility of a cure. In

our analysis, undergoing margin-negative resection was associated with improved OS on both univariable and multivariable analysis. Twelve percent of patients who received radiation therapy (CRT or CCRT) were able to undergo margin-negative resection. In the subset of patients with locally advanced (T4) disease, only 2/53 patients (4%) achieved margin-negative resection. Both of these patients were treated with CCRT. This very small percentage of the patients Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is slightly higher, yet perhaps trivially so, than that shown in a prospective study Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical attempting to convert LAPC to resectable disease where only 1/87 patients (1%) achieved a margin-negative resection (18). Until better therapies are developed, this small group of patients is the only group that we can hope to offer durable survival. The rate of distant metastases before three months in patients receiving chemotherapy alone is low in our study (17%) compared to

previously reported results (29-35%) (19). While patients were Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical restaged before starting chemoradiation therapy in the CCRT group, there was no uniform policy requiring restaging at three months. Such a policy might have resulted in a higher percentage of disease progression at that time. The median time to the start of chemoradiation therapy in the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical CCRT group was 4.6 months. The strengths of this study are that it examines a recent

series of patients treated by a multidisciplinary gastrointestinal oncology group using modern therapeutics and supportive measures to directly compare three treatment strategies. The patients underwent uniform staging techniques, and had thorough follow-up. While much of the published data about the not treatment of locally unresectable pancreatic cancer compares two strategies (C vs. CRT or CRT vs. CCRT), our study benefits from the comparison of all three strategies in the same setting. While our study is retrospective and hypothesis-generating, the inclusion of three treatment strategies provides important perspective given the inconsistent and confusing results of past studies. Among the weaknesses of this study are that it was conducted retrospectively. Though available staging and patient characteristics were controlled for in our analysis, there is a possibility of selection bias in that patients with a poor functional status or greater comorbidities might not have been offered radiation therapy as often.