In LPS treated co-cultured astrocytes the mu-opioid receptor antagonist naloxone attenuated not only the endomorphin-1, but also the 5-HT evoked Ca2+ transients. These results suggest that opioids, especially mu-opioid agonists, play a role in the control of neuroinflammatory activity in astrocytes and that naloxone, in addition to its interaction with mu-opioid receptors, also may act through some binding
site on astrocytes, other than the classical opioid receptor. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We investigated the effect of Glubran (R) 2 cyanoacrylic glue on rat cavernous tissue after forming penile fractures experimentally as well as the histopathological effect. We also investigated its clinical use.
Materials and Methods: Experimental penile fracture was formed by incising PSI-7977 datasheet from the proximal selleck chemical dorsal side of the penis in 32 Wistar Albino rats. The rats were randomly assigned to 4 main groups of 8 each. In the control
group the incision was not repaired and it was left to secondary healing. In the glue group cyanoacrylic glue was only applied to the incision region. In the primary repair group the incision was primarily repaired and in the final group cyanoacrylic glue was applied to the incision region following primary repair. Three weeks later penectomy materials were examined histopathologically.
Results: When the control group was compared with the other groups, the differences in cavernous tissue healing with fibrosis and hyperemia-bleeding were statistically significant (p = 0.043 and 0.003, respectively). In the glue group fibrosis was observed in 2 rats. This group was the best according to cavernous healing. Although there was no significant difference between the control group and
the other groups according to inflammation (p = 0.057), the glue group was better than the primary repair group (p = 0.026). No significant inflammation or hyperemia-bleeding was observed in the glue group. When the experimental groups were evaluated CHIR99021 for histopathological parameters, it was observed that the best results were obtained in the glue group.
Conclusions: Cyanoacrylic glue can be used in cavernous surgery due to its hemostatic, adhesive and anti-inflammatory properties.”
“By using the patch-clamp technique in the cell-attached configuration, we have investigated the single-channel properties of an inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir) expressed by pigeon vestibular type II hair cells in situ. In high-K+ external solution with 2 mM Mg2+, Kir inward current showed openings to at least four amplitude levels. The two most frequent open states (L2 and L3) had a mean slope conductance of 13 and 28 pS, respectively. L1 (7 pS) and L4 (36 pS) together accounted for less than 6% of the conductive state. Closed time distributions were fitted well using four exponential functions, of which the slowest time constant (tau(C4)) was clearly voltage-dependent.