In human renal proximal tubular HK2 cells, prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)) up-regulates HIF-1 alpha and VEGF-A through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR beta). Here we studied the role

of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2 and p38 and their target kinase, mitogen- and stress activated kinase-1 (MSK1), in the signaling cascade. Treatment of HK2 cells with PGE2 resulted in increased phosphorylation of EGFR, the three studied kinases and the histone H3 (Serb) at the RAR beta gene promoter (the latter has been proposed as a PF-6463922 molecular signature of the activated RAR beta gene promoter). Prevention of the phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK or MSK1 is by incubating, respectively, with AG1478, PD98059, SB203580 or H89 allowed to elucidate the precise phosphorylation order in the signaling cascade triggered by PGE2: first, EGFR; then, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK and, finally, MSK1. Phosphowlation of MSK1 led to that of Serb10 in histone H3 and to activation of RAR beta gene transcription (and the consequent increase BTK inhibitor in the expression of HIF-1 alpha and VEGF-A), which was suppressed by H89 or by transfecting cells with a vector encoding for a dominant-negative mutant of MSK1. These results highlight the relevance of MSK1 in the up-regulation of RAR beta by PGE(2). They also

may contribute to new therapeutic approaches

based upon the pharmacological control of HIF-1 alpha/VEGF-A in the proximal tubule through the modulation of the PGE(2)/EGFR/MAPK/MSK1/RAR beta pathway. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background/Aims: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the method of choice for long-term tube feeding in patients with swallowing disorders due to the neurologic disease or cancer. First introduction of PEG in. Slovenia was performed in 1995. We are presenting the results of first cross-sectional LY3023414 mouse study in Slovenia. Methodology: We performed a retrospective review of medical documentation for patients in seven Slovenian hospitals who underwent PEG placement from 2004 until 2008. The aim of our study was to analyze the experience of PEG placements, evaluate patients’ demographic characteristics, determine indications, measure survival after tube placement and complications. Results: There were 1173 PEG placements in seven endoscopic centers: 666 in females (56,8%) and 507 in males (43,2%), mean age 72, 5 years (range 14-99). Majority of patients (n=792; 67,5%) had a neurological disease. Major complications developed in 15 (1,28%) patients and four patients (0,34%) died. Conclusions: PEG is an excellent method for providing long-term enteral nutrition in patient with dysphagia. It is obviously a very simple and effective method with low morbidity and mortality.