In addition, to our knowledge, this study is the first report to characterise the chemical compositions of JBOVS. The in vitro incubation with JBOVS influenced the microbial community in the feces accompanied by an increase selleck chemicals llc in the production level of lactate and a decrease in the pH level. This result was

consistent with the observed increase in the production levels of lactate in the mice intestines after ingestion of the JBOVS. Therefore, JBOVS was likely to cause a similar fluctuation of metabolic dynamics in the microbial community both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, our results revealed that ingestion of JBOVS contributed to lactate and acetate production in the intestinal microbiota. In contrast, an increased population

of bacteria related to L. murinus and belonging to the Bacteroidetes sp. group was influenced by the intake of JBOVS into the host-microbial symbiotic systems. This in vivo observation was somewhat different to the observed increased population of bacteria related to L. johnsonii, L. murinus, and L. fermentum found in the in vitro experiment. This small difference was considered a bias brought about by the in vitro incubation because the environmental factors Screening Library order for growth, metabolism, and interactions of microbiota were considerably different compared with the in vivo conditions. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo metabolic profiling results were similar whereas the in vitro and in vivo microbial community profiling showed some variability. Therefore, metabolic profiling by in vitro methods may offer a practical approach for easy screening to measure the metabolic endpoints that link directly to whole system activity and are determined by both microbial ecosystems and environmental factors. In addition, lactate and acetate may be considered as useful biomarkers for in vitro screening because they correlate tightly with intestinal microbiota and host cells and several beneficial effects for human health were over reported ( Fukuda et al., 2011 and Okada et

al., 2013). According to our in vivo observations, increases in the L. murinus and Bacteroidetes sp. populations and acetate and lactate production levels in the intestine were the result of the effects to the intestinal microbiota and host-microbial co-metabolic process. Acetate has been reported to show anti-inflammatory properties ( Fukuda et al., 2011), which are derived by colonic bacteria after fermentation of dietary carbohydrates. Moreover, acetate has been reported to bind and activate the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR43, and stimulation of GPR43 by short-chain fatty acids including acetate is necessary for the normal resolution of certain immune and inflammatory responses ( Maslowski et al., 2009). Therefore, acetate is considered to play an important role in the maintenance of homeostasis in host-microbial ecosystems.