IFNγ responses regulate CXCL10, which directs migration and stimu

IFNγ responses regulate CXCL10, which directs migration and stimulation of activated T cells by binding to the CXCR3 receptor [38]. CXCL10 has been proposed a marker of TB infection in children where specific immunity to M. tuberculosis assessed by CD4 T cell responses would be unreliable [12, 38, 39]. Here, Ponatinib we

show for the first time that CXCL10 levels can differentiate severity in TB. The lowered CXCL10 levels observed in patients with far advanced PTB may be attributed to decreased IFNγ levels and may result in limited recruitment of leucocytes, adversely affecting granuloma formation in advanced disease TB [12]. We observed that patients with localized extrapulmonary TB had higher MTBs-induced IFNγ levels in lymph node as compared with pleural disease. While both lymphadenitis and pleurisy are forms of localized TB, the cellular composition at these sites is different and may influence the cytokine/chemokine levels. It is reported

that the pleural involvement with pulmonary disease results in an increase in the systemic levels of cytokines as compared with those who have pulmonary disease only [40, 41]. In M. tuberculosis infection of the pleura, T cells are localized in the pleural fluid and it was observed that IFNγ and chemokines are increased in the fluid [42]. In the lymph node, M. tuberculosis can be restricted in localized granulomas by appropriate T cell-driven chemokine responses. Thus, site-specific LDE225 in vivo differences in IFNγ secretion at lymph node and pleural site probably reflect the efficacy of T cell recruitment and activation responses. This increased antigen-induced IFNγ observed in whole blood cell responses of patients with lymph node TB support the hypothesis of a higher IFNγ/IL10 ratio in less-severe forms of TB [27]. We found that MTBs-stimulated CCL2 levels were raised in pulmonary as compared with extrapulmonary TB. This is in agreement with studies in which increased CCL2 Exoribonuclease was observed in PTB as compared with ETB in response to BCG stimulation [26]. However, we found that MTBs-induced CCL2 levels were reduced in

patients with ETB as compared with ECs. Previously, it has been shown that BCG and M. tuberculosis stimulation of PBMCs results in increased CCL2 secretion in patients with TB[17]. This may indicate a differential response related to differences between live Mycobacterium–stimulated response and those to whole sonicate antigen and that live M. tuberculosis and BCG may be more potent activators of CCL2 than the sonicate used in this study. We observed that MTBs-induced IL10 levels were greater in pulmonary as compared with extrapulmonary TB and were also higher in patients with localized as compared with disseminated ETB. IL10 is an immunosuppressive cytokine shown to be increased in TB [21]. Infections such as those caused by M.

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