g., d) computer software to be converted to a meaningful physical parameter describing the process being investigated; finally, the resulting quantity has to be presented through e) an interface to the human operator. Biosensors can be applied to a large variety of samples including body fluids, food samples, cell cultures and be used to analyze environmental samples.Figure 1.Elements and selected components of a typical biosensor [1, 2, 3].In order to construct a successful biosensor for the non-specialist market a number of conditions must be met:The biocatalyst must be highly specific for the purpose of the analysis, be stable under normal storage conditions and show a low variation between assays.

The reaction should be as independent as manageable of such physical parameters as stirring, pH and temperature.

This will allow analysis of samples with minimal pre-treatment. If the reaction involves cofactors or coenzymes these should, preferably, also be co-immobilized with the enzyme.The response should be accurate, precise, reproducible and linear Dacomitinib over the concentration range of interest, without dilution or concentration. It should also be free from electrical or other transducer induced noise.If the biosensor is to be used for invasive monitoring in clinical situations, the probe must be tiny and biocompatible, having no toxic or antigenic effects. Furthermore, the biosensor should not be prone to inactivation or proteolysis.

For rapid measurements of analytes from human samples it is desirable that the biosensor can provide real-time analysis.

The complete biosensor should be cheap, small, portable and capable of being used by semi-skilled operators.Designed for the purpose, biosensors are generally highly selective due to the possibility to tailor the specific interaction of compounds by immobilizing biological recognition elements on the sensor Brefeldin_A substrate that have a specific binding affinity to the desired molecule [4]. Typical recognition elements used in biosensors are: enzymes, nucleic acids, antibodies, whole cells, and receptors. Of these, enzymes are among the most common [3]. To fully exploit the specific interaction through biorecognition, the surface architecture of the sensor also must suppress any non-specific interaction. A tremendous research effort has been invested to find surface modifications with specific interaction capabilities over prolonged periods of time in biological fluids [5].