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Hirokawa T, Boon-Chieng S, Mitaku S: SOSUI: classification and secondary structure prediction system for membrane proteins. Bioinformatics 1998, 14:378–379.Selleck Alvocidib CrossRefPubMed 32. Krogh A, Larsson B, von Heijne, Sonnhammer ELL: Predicting transmembrane protein topology with a hidden Markov model: Application to complete genomes. J Mol Biol 2001, 305:567–580.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions VC carried out planning and execution of experiments related to figures 5, 6, 7, participated in preparation of figure 1 and was involved in writing of manuscript. RM carried out experiments related to figures 2, 3 and 4, was

involved in experiments presented in figure 1. AS conceived the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All INCB018424 molecular weight authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The pathogenic mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been researched intensely. In general, it is believed that both genetic and environmental factors are involved. When IBD was originally described, a close resemblance to infectious diseases of the gut was noticed. Therefore, many different bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms have been suspected to cause IBD. It is now well established that luminal factors in the intestine are involved in the inflammatory process of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative

colitis (UC). For example, diversion of the continuity of the intestines results Palmatine in healing of the resting gut, whereas the inflammation will return when continuity is reestablished [1]. Furthermore, several animal models have documented the participation of bacteria in the inflammatory process [2]. More importantly, the recent finding of a defect in the caspase recruitment domain family, member 15 (NOD2/CARD15), gene among CD patients, has reawakened the search for specific involved pathogens [3]. NOD2/CARD15 is believed to be involved in the innate immune system including the production of defensins; therefore, defects in this gene could indicate that the host is more susceptible to microorganisms [4]. It has also been shown that the number of viable internalized S. typhimurium in Caco2 cells was higher when the Caco2 cells were transfected with a variant CARD15/NOD2 expression plasmid associated with Crohn’s disease [5].