Five themes, set out below, were identified as being critical to moving forward and to which HIV in Europe could make specific contributions. The conference witnessed a sometimes heated debate on the role counselling should play in HIV testing, with some arguing that pre-test counselling should be de-emphasized in health care settings as routine

testing becomes more widespread, and others maintaining that both pre- and post-test counselling is critical to the success of HIV testing. In recent BTK inhibitor nmr years, authoritative guidelines have been developed, by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the British HIV Association, ECDC and WHO [8-12], to promote and normalize HIV testing, including through the routine offering of HIV testing in a wider range of health care settings, and to patients with conditions indicative of a higher risk of HIV infection. Emphasizing that HIV testing should continue to be voluntary and undertaken only when the patient is aware that testing is taking place, guidelines regarding HIV testing selleck chemicals llc in health care settings make further recommendations

to reduce potential barriers to HIV testing and make testing easier for both patients and health service providers. These guidelines seek to eltoprazine address and reduce perceived barriers related to HIV testing from both the patient and provider perspectives, including pre-test counselling, the need

for written consent, the timely delivery of results and the need to provide risk reduction counselling. All guidelines emphasize that expanded testing should include prompt access to post-test counselling and link to HIV care for persons newly diagnosed with HIV infection. An important aspect of the proposed normalization of HIV testing is that extensive counselling prior to HIV testing (i.e. pre-test counselling, including an in-depth discussion of the individual’s behaviours, risks and prevention) should not be required, nor should (separate) written consent. To ensure quality of care and address potential barriers to HIV testing, some guidelines recommend shorter pre-test discussions. To further facilitate HIV testing in a range of health care settings, post-test counselling, in particular risk reduction counselling for people who test HIV negative, has also come under scrutiny.