(C)
2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3516498]“
“The tremendous potential of room temperature ionic liquids as an alternative to environmentally harmful ordinary organic solvents is well recognized. Ionic liquids, having no measurable vapor pressure, are an interesting class of tunable and designer solvents, and they have been used extensively in a wide range of applications including enzymatic biotransformation. In fact, ionic liquids can be designed with different cation and anion combinations, which allow the possibility of tailoring reaction solvents with specific desired properties, and these unconventional solvent properties GSK1838705A ic50 of ionic liquids provide the opportunity to carry out many important biocatalytic reactions that are impossible in traditional solvents. As compared to those observed in conventional organic solvents, the use of enzymes in ionic liquids has presented many advantages such as high conversion rates, high enantioselectivity, better enzyme stability, as well as better recoverability and recyclability. selleck chemical To date, a wide range of pronounced approaches
have been taken to further improve the performance of enzymes in ionic liquids. This review presents the recent technological developments in which the advantages of ionic liquids as a medium for enzymes have been gradually GANT61 Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor realized. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The effectiveness of screening and treatment of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation (LT) remains undefined. Our aim was to evaluate the potential cost-effectiveness of screening for recurrent HCC after LT. We constructed a Markov model of the natural history after LT for HCC. We superimposed screening with computed tomography, alpha-fetoprotein,
and chest X-ray every six months for 1-5 yr after LT, with resection for treatable recurrence. Screening only those whose explant pathology exceeded Milan Criteria (MC) for two yr cost $138 000/life-yr gained, and the incremental cost of screening all patients was $340 000/life-yr gained. Screening for longer than two yr incurred progressively higher incremental costs/life-yr gained. The most critical variable in sensitivity analyses was the survival benefit of finding a resectable recurrence. With the most favorable assumptions for a two-yr screening duration, screening those whose explant pathology exceeded MC cost $91 000/life-yr gained. In conclusion, screening for HCC recurrence after LT would probably yield most of its benefit in the first two yr, but at a relatively high cost/life-yr gained. Screening for two yr in only those whose explant pathology exceeds MC may be relatively cost-effective depending on the survival benefit of resection.