All media were solidified with 2% agar. Microbiological powders (yeast extract, peptone, and glucose) were obtained from Becton Dickinson (Becton Dickinson & Co., Sparks, MD). Laminarin (a linear β1,3-linked glucan backbone with occasional β1,6-linked branching), mannan, chitin (β-1,4-Nacetylglucosamine/β-1,4-N-acetylglucosamine-linked) and glucosamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO); pustulan (a β1,6-linked, linear glucan) was obtained from Calbiochem (La Jolla, CA); and β1,

3 glucanase Zymolyase 100T was obtained from Seikagaku Corporation (Tokyo, Japan). Table 1 Strains used in this study Nomenclature used in this study buy Vadimezan strain Parent Genotype Reference wild type NGY152 CAI-4 as CAI-4 but RPS1/rps::CIp10 [56] mp65Δ (hom) RLVCA96 RLVCA35A as CAI-4 but MP65::hisG/MP65::hisG, RPS1/rps:CIp10 [21] revertant

(rev) RLVCA97 RLVCA35A as CAI-4 but MP65::hisG/MP65::hisG, AZD5582 mw RPS1/rps:CIp10-MP65 [21] Sensitivity testing by microdilution method To evaluate the sensitivity to cell wall-stressing agents, each C. albicans strain was initially grown for 24 h in YEPD; the cells were then washed with water, resuspended at OD600 nm = 1, and inoculated in YEPD at OD600 nm = 0.01; 95-ml volumes were then pipetted into microdilution plate wells. To these wells were added 5 ml of doubling dilutions of cell wall-stressing agents. The plates were incubated for 16 h at 30°C, and absorbance was read at 540 nm. All strains were tested in duplicate. The agents tested were: click here Congo red (Sigma, Milan, Italy; 100 mg/ml), calcofluor white (Sigma; Thiamet G 1000 mg/ml), SDS (Bio-Rad, Milan, Italy; 0.25%), caffeine (Sigma; 50 mM), and tunicamycin (Sigma; 100 mg/ml). The mentioned concentrations

were the highest used to test each agent. Sensitivity testing by spotting in solid medium To assess the susceptibility to specific cell wall-stressing agents, yeast cells were grown in YEPD, in agitation overnight (o.n.) at 28°C and then harvested, washed and re-suspended in sterile water. A sample containing 1.6 × 107 cells/ml and a series of 5-fold dilutions from the sample were prepared. Three μl of each dilution were spotted onto YEPD or YEPD buffered plates (buffered with 50 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.0, [4]), containing no additional chemicals (as control), Congo red (100 mg/ml in YEPD buffered plates), calcofluor white (100 mg/ml in YEPD buffered plates), SDS (0.025%), caffeine (10 mM), and tunicamycin (1.25 μg/ml). The plates were incubated for 24 h at 28°C. Sensitivity to Zymolyase Sensitivity to Zymolyase was assayed as described previously [27]. Exponentially growing cells were adjusted to an OD600 nm value of 0.5 (approximately 2 × 107 cells/ml) in 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5, containing 25 μg/ml of Zymolyase 100T; the optical density decrease was monitored over a 140 min period.