A nonrandomized control group pretest–posttest design was used. Participants assigned to the intervention group (Tai Ji Quan) participated in a 60-min group session twice weekly for 14 weeks. The study protocol was approved by an Institutional Review Board, and GSK-3 inhibitor review written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Participants were recruited between April and August 2012 primarily through community-wide promotions, such as flyers, newsletters, and word of mouth at local senior and community activity centers in communities in Oregon, to participate in a community-based Tai Ji Quan dissemination project. Study eligibility criteria included (1) being ≥65 years of age, (2) being able to walk

with or without an assistive device, (3) having MMSE (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975) scores between 20 and 30, and (4) having a medical clearance from a healthcare provider. Individuals who responded to the study promotions were initially contacted via phone for screening for age and mobility criteria and subsequently invited to a research facility where a detailed, face-to-face intake process, including signing consent forms and completing the MMSE and other baseline measures, was conducted. Prior to signing the informed consent, participants were given sufficient time in a private room to ask questions regarding the study

protocol and Tai Ji Quan exercise. Research assistants trained and monitored by the first Quizartinib research buy author performed the study screening and outcome assessments. For the purposes of this study, a subsample of 46 participants who had a score between 20 and 25 on the MMSE was selected as having cognitive impairment (Folstein et al., 2001, Mungas, 1991, O’Bryant et al., 2008, Spering et al., 2012 and Vertesi et al., 2001). The decision Niclosamide to use this range of scores allows us to evaluate the relationship between Tai Ji Quan and cognitive function without a possible confounding effect of severe cognitive impairment. Of the total, those assigned to the control group (n = 24) were individuals who could not participate in the intervention class due to logistical

reasons such as time constraints and/or location and transportation issues but who were willing to participate in a follow-up assessment. All study outcome measures were taken twice: at baseline and again upon completion of the 14-week intervention. The primary study outcome was cognitive function as measured by the MMSE (Folstein et al., 1975). The MMSE consists of 11 questions concerning orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language and has a maximum score of 30. The 3-month test-retest reliability was 0.87. Two physical performance measures consisted of (a) 50-ft speed walk (Reuben & Siu, 1990) and (b) Timed Up&Go test (Podsiadlo & Richardson, 1991). The 50-ft walk measured the time, in seconds, taken to walk 50 ft.