A complete range of motion at the axillary joint was achieved in all patients by the end of the reconstruction period. The donor sites were closed primarily with linear scars in all cases. The pre-expanded pedicled TDA perforator flap is a suitable alternative selleck kinase inhibitor for coverage of the axillary defects after the release of the burn contractures. A pliable texture and large size flap can be obtained to transfer to the axillary area and the donor site scar is considered as cosmetically acceptable. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery,

2011. “
“The intra-operative latissimus dorsi (LD) pedicle damage during axillary lymph-node dissection by the general surgeon is a rare complication leading to flap failure and poor outcomes. The authors present their experience on this topic and develop a classification of the thoracodorsal (TD) pedicle injuries and reconstruction algorithm. Pedicle damage of LD occurred in five cases, three of which were experienced during immediate breast reconstruction selleck inhibitor and two observed in patients who underwent prior surgery. In two cases the thoracodorsal vein (TDV) was damaged in its proximal segment, thus end-to-end anastomosis was performed

between distal stump of TDV and circumflex scapular vein (CSV). In one case the TDV required simple microsurgical repair while in other two cases the severe damage of vein and artery required more complex surgical strategies in attempt to salvage the flap. Four cases completely survived with one case of rippling phenomenon. One case had partial flap necrosis that required subtotal muscle resection. Based on these cases, the authors have developed a reconstruction algorithm in attempt to repair LD pedicle damage while preserving breast reconstruction. Taking into account its anatomical conformation, TD pedicle injuries are classified in four different types and available options are suggested for all of them according to the anatomical site and to the

mechanism and timing of injury. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:5–9, 2014. Autologous tissue transfer is considered the workhorse eltoprazine for reconstruction; it has high success rates and most importantly is related with excellent cosmetic outcomes and great patient satisfaction. Latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is a very reliable, versatile method, and remains one of the best options for many surgeons in breast reconstruction if abdominal tissue is not available.[1-8] The most common complication and the flap’s main disadvantage is the donor-site morbidity with prolonged drainage and seroma risk, but with prudent precautions it is possible to shorten drainage duration and to lower its incidence.[9, 10] The most common causes of intra-operative flap failure are coupled to errors in surgical dissection or excessive tension and torsion of the pedicle, which could lead to flap ischemia and necrosis.