66 AMPA receptor trafficking and mood disorders: implication for development of new medications In view of the critical role of AMPA receptor trafficking in regulating various forms of plasticity, our laboratory has sought to determine if two structurally highly dissimilar antimanic agents, lithium and valproate, exert effects on AMPA receptor trafficking. Lithium, a monovalent cation, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and valproic acid (VPA),

an 8-carbon fatty acid, are the two most commonly used agents in the treatment of mania. Because lithium and valproate both require several weeks to exert their therapeutic effects, it is widely believed that adaptive changes in intracellular signaling and/or cellular physiology underlie the beneficial Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical effects; interestingly, these two agents have been shown to exert robust effects on the very same signaling pathways known to regulate AMPA receptor trafficking (vide supra). Thus, we investigated whether lithium and valproate regulate synaptic plasticity and AMPA receptor trafficking in the hippocampus, a brain region presumed to be involved in the circuitry of mood disorders.3 We have found that the structurally highly

dissimilar antimanic agents lithium and valproate have a common effect on downregulating AMPA GluR1 synaptic expression in the hippocampus after prolonged treatment with therapeutically Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical relevant concentrations as assessed both in vitro and in vivo. In cultured hippocampal neurons, lithium and valproate attenuated surface GluR1 expression after long-term treatment. Further supporting the therapeutic relevance of the finding, we found that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical an agent that provokes mania, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical namely the antidepressant imipramine,has an opposite effect as it upregulat.es AM.PA synaptic strength in the hippocampus.47,67 Since chronic administration of mood stabilizers bring about numerous biochemical effects, our laboratory8,68 and selleck screening library others69 have established several criteria that findings should meet in order to maximize the likelihood of their Dichloromethane dehalogenase therapeutic importance: This

effect of mood stabilizers on GluR1 is a common effect of the structurally dissimilar antimanic agents lithium (a monovalent cation) and valproate (which is an 8-carbon branched fatty acid). This attenuation of synaptic GluRl by lithium and valproate occurs in the hippocampus, a brain region known to be involved in critical affective neuronal circuits. This effect of lithium and valproate on synaptic GluR1 occurs at therapeutic concentrations both in vivo and in vitro. Similar to the clinical therapeutic effects, the changes in GluR1 were observed only after chronic (and not acute) administration. The effects were specific for antimanic agents, as a promanic antidepressant produced opposite effects.