4E; all P < 0.01 for any two G phases). These data indicate that IL-17+ cells were markedly accumulated in livers of CHB patients, and this infiltration was closely associated with inflammatory injury. The immune consequence of the increase in peripheral and intrahepatic Th17 cells remains unknown in CHB patients. Previous studies indicate that CHB patients generally display dysfunctional innate

immune responses, such as increased release of monocyte-derived proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and mDC-derived cytokines (IL-12 and IL-23).6, 8 To address whether the increase of Th17 cells is associated with these dysfunctional responses in CHB patients, we examined the expression of IL-17R (subunit A) in various Pexidartinib chemical structure cell populations. IL-17R was constitutively RAD001 in vitro expressed by monocytes and mDCs in peripheral blood, but could not be observed in CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells (Fig. 5A). Further analysis indicates that mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IL-17R on both mDCs and monocytes was slightly down-regulated

in CHB patients compared with that in healthy subjects (Fig. 5B). These data indicate that mDCs and monocytes are uniquely expressed IL-17R, but the overall expression levels seem to be decreased in CHB patients. Next we detected the responsiveness of mDCs and monocytes to IL-17 in vitro. IL-17 could significantly up-regulate B7-H1, B7-DC, CD86, and CD83 expression on monocytes and mDCs of CHB patients in vitro (Fig. 6A). Increasing IL-17 doses (up to 3 ng/mL) significantly enhanced the expression of these markers, indicating that the effect check details of IL-17 was dose-dependent. Surprisingly, we found

that the MFI levels of these markers were significantly decreased in CHB patients compared with HC subjects in response to IL-17 stimulation in vitro (Fig. 6B). These data indicated that IL-17 can activate both mDCs and monocytes in vitro, and this promotion seemed poorer in CHB patients than HC subjects. IL-17 can also significantly stimulate monocytes and mDCs to produce more inflammation-associated cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-23p19, and IL-12p35 in a dose-dependent manner; by contrast, unstimulated monocytes and mDCs produced lower levels of these cytokines (Fig. 6C). Similar to maturation markers, IL-17 has a relatively poor capacity to stimulate mDCs and monocytes to produce these cytokines in CHB patients than that of HC subjects. These data indicate that IL-17 can activate monocytes and mDCs and induced them to produce proinflammatory cytokines, a process that is likely involved in the inflammation-mediated liver injury seen in CHB patients. We also detected the serum concentrations of Th17-associated cytokines such as IL-17, IL-23p19, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-12p35, IL-22, IL-8, and GRO-α (Fig. 7).