(2011) [16]), IC urine has a significantly higher proportion of Firmicutes (p ≤ 0.05, p value from Metastats for V1V2)

(65% vs 93%, respectively) and reduced proportions of the other 5 common phyla (Figure 1A). Interestingly, the phylum Nitrospirae was only detected in IC urine. Five additional phyla present in HF urine (Siddiqui et al. (2011) [16]) were not identified in IC urine at all (Figure 1A). The distribution of major phyla in IC urine was similar selleck kinase inhibitor for both the V1V2 and V6 sequence dataset, although Fusobacteria and Nitrospirae were only identified by the V6 sequence dataset. Sequence reads for all phyla but one (Nitrospirae 0.003% of the reads) were Selleckchem LEE011 further classified to order level. 16 of the 22 orders identified in healthy urine (Siddiqui et al. (2011) [16]) were also detected in IC urine. A significant shift in the bacterial composition was observed as a result SN-38 of an increase of Lactobacillales (Figure 1B and C) (p ≤ 0.05, p value from Metastats for V1V2) in the IC urine microbial community relative to HF urine. 92% and 91% of the reads for V1V2 and V6 respectively, were assigned to this order. In HF urine only 53% of the reads for V1V2 and 55% for V6 were assigned to Lactobacillales. The abundance of other major orders seen in HF urine is reduced in IC samples (Figure 1B and Additional file 1: Table

S1). All sequence reads assigned to the order level

were additionally assigned to family level. Among the 26 families identified, only 21 were assigned to different genera. Four of those families that were not further assigned (Pasteurelacae, Neisseriacae, Methyliphilaceae, and Micrococcaceae) were also detected in the HF urine study. Saprospiraceae, on the other hand was only Progesterone found in IC urine. At the genus level, the pooled sequences were assigned to 31 different genera, with 23 and 25 different genera for V1V2 and V6 analysis, respectively. Lactobacillus was the most abundant genus in both datasets and comprised a total of 92% of the sequences. Gardnerella and Corynebacterium were the two other major genera identified with 2% sequence abundance each. Prevotella and Ureaplasma were each represented by 1% of the sequences assigned. The other 26 genera determined in IC urine constituted only 2% of the total IC urine bacterial community. In contrast to HF urine, there was a considerable reduction in total numbers of genera identified in IC urine (45 genera vs. 31 genera, respectively) (Additional file 1: Table S1). Additionally, the abundance of common genera was found to differ between IC patients and healthy females. The significant increase of Lactobacillus (p ≤ 0.05, p values from Metastats for both V1V2 and V6) in IC urine compared to HF urine again suggested a structural shift in the microbiota of IC patients.