1B). Trans-esophageal echocardiography by ACUSON SC2000 ultrasound system with V5M trans-esophageal transducer (Siemens Ultrasound, Mountain View, CA, USA) also revealed no thrombus in the left atrium and revealed severe spontaneous echo contrast (Fig. 1C-F). Left atrial appendage flow velocity was about 10 cm/sec. Black defects of spontaneous echo contrast are completely Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical same region shown as mild mitral regurgitation in color Doppler imaging (Fig. 1D vs. C, F vs. E, and Supplementary movie 1). Fig. 1 Transthoracic echocardiography revealed huge left atrial thrombus (A), but after anticoagulation thrombus almost disappeared (B). Spontaneous echo contrast could

not be visualized by transthoracic echocardiography. Mild mitral regurgitation was clearly … This patient Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical showed severe spontaneous echo contrast in her left atrium. Spontaneous echo contrast seemed to be due to

atrial fibrillation, reduced left ventricular function, and large left atrium.1) Furthermore, there was only mild mitral regurgitation. Previous reports say that mitral regurgitation has protective effect on left atrial blood stasis. But the effect Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is limited to patients with severe mitral regurgitation.2) Previous reports have already mentioned this protective effect of severe mitral regurgitation against stroke.3),4) Especially in patients with atrial fibrillation, severe mitral regurgitation can disperse the aggregation of blood component in left atrium, which resulted in the lower risk of stroke Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical than patients without severe mitral regurgitation. Furthermore, Kranidis et al.5) reported that when the mitral regurgitation jet volume-to-left Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical atrial volume ratio

is small, the regurgitant-stirring effect is reduced, and blood stasis in the left atrium is increased. Although this is selleckchem important discussion, there was no direct evidence to show this mechanism. Severe spontaneous echo contrast could visualize mitral regurgitation clearly without using color Doppler flow imaging (Fig. 1C, E) in this case. In other words, black Calpain defects in spontaneous echo contrast meant that the mitral regurgitation disrupted left atrial blood stasis. This echocardiographic imaging supports the previous hypothesis that severe mitral regurgitation can reduce left atrial blood stasis, which results in lower incidence of spontaneous echo contrast. This imaging is important, because black defects of spontaneous echo contrast support understanding the protective aspect of mitral regurgitation especially against spontaneous echo contrast visually. Supplementary movie legend Movie 1. Black defects in severe spontaneous echo contrast with and without color Doppler flow imaging by trans-esophageal echocardiography. Click here to view.(1.