, 1998). ClfA–fibrinogen binding is localized to a region where the sequence resembles the Ca2+-binding EF-hand motif often found in eukaryotic binding proteins (D’Souza et al., 1990; O’Connell et al., 1998). In these proteins, Ca2+ interferes with protein–ligand interaction either by occupying the ligand-binding site or binding to another site and causing a conformational change in the protein that prohibits find more the binding of the ligand. The steep reduction observed with increased Ca2+ concentration suggests that SdrF–polystyrene ionic interaction may

depend on the conformational state of the protein. The pH value of the surrounding solution affects the properties of both, the polymer and the protein. Our results suggest that at values close to physiological pH, the interaction between SdrF and polystyrene surfaces was optimal. The pH affects the protonation

of proteins and surfaces (Matsumoto et al., 2003). Preliminary predictions made Rapamycin cost using Protean (DNASTAR Lasergene 8) suggest that at physiological pH (7.4) SdrF has an overall negative charge (near-324.4) with the B domain concentrating most of that negative overall charge. These preliminary predictions might help explain the ionic nature of the SdrF–polystyrene interaction and its preference for slightly positively charge surfaces. Detergents (i.e. Tween20 and beta-d-octylglucoside) and disruptive agents (i.e. urea and guanidine chloride) are also known to perturb protein–surface interactions, as these molecules denature or perturb the protein structure (Boks et al., Obatoclax Mesylate (GX15-070) 2008). Increasing concentrations of the nonionic surfactant Tween20 reduced the interaction between SdrF as well as the B domain constructs and the polystyrene surface. Both of these detergents are used in the pharmaceutical industry and contact lenses to avoid protein and microbial adsorption to the material (Santos et al., 2007) due to their amphiphilic properties. The effect of guanidine chloride

on SdrF B4-polystyrene interaction was higher than the effect of urea. Although still controversial, these two disruptive agents appear to denature proteins in different ways (Lim et al., 2009). While urea seems to create hydrogen bonds to the peptide group, guanidine chloride appears to disrupt the main backbone of the peptide (Lim et al., 2009). Guanidine chloride is usually more effective than urea when the peptide contains helices stabilized by planar residues (Lim et al., 2009). This indicates that the SdrF–polystyrene interaction depends on the tertiary structure of the peptide, specifically the SdrF B4 subdomain. A limitation of the study is that we were unable to create S. epidermidis strains that were isogenic for SdrF. The availability of an isogenic pair would have added further information regarding the role of SdrF in these binding interactions.