The main reasons

for improvement can be accredited to the practice of daily tooth brushing by themselves or by their caregivers, and diet control by institutes and schools [100]. Dental care has been found to be the most common category of unmet healthcare services for individuals with special healthcare needs [102] and [103]. These individuals are at a higher risk for more untreated caries, gingivitis and other periodontal diseases, Afatinib malocclusions secondary to abnormal development and muscle function, problems related to poor oral hygiene and dental/orofacial trauma, as well as inadequate access to care. [102] More importantly, if adequate oral hygiene and oral health care are

not addressed the sequelae can be detrimental to the overall health of the individual. The role of caregivers and dental health professionals’ instructions Selleck BAY 73-4506 to caregivers are crucial for these disable persons. In this paper we have discussed various aspects of oral prophylaxis, especially, tooth brushing. This is a basic and fundamental daily custom for almost all people, even in developing countries, and its aim is to remove dental plaque. However, more than 40% of plaque will not be removed, even by a well-trained person. Because of the importance of prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease, improvement of the also quality of daily brushing is indispensable. In addition, combining more effective brushing with dental floss, inter-dental brush and oral rinses,

will provide better oral health for all. The authors declare no conflict of interest. “
“Heterotopic ossification (HO) is defined as the formation of lamellar bone in non-osseous tissues such as the muscle and the joint capsule. Histological studies revealed that heterotopic ossification can be induced by both the intramembranous process that does not involve cartilage formation and the endochondral process that requires cartilage template [1] and [2]. The latter process-mediated ossification is specifically called endochondral heterotopic ossification. Histologically, HO can be easily distinguished from dystrophic calcifications by the presence of osteoblasts [3]. Heterotopic ossification is often associated with soft-tissue trauma, amputations, central nervous system injury (traumatic brain injuries, spinal cord lesions, tumors, encephalitis) [4] and [5], vasculopathies, arthroplasties (total hip arthroplasty) [6] and [7], and burn injury [8]. In addition, genetic disorders such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) are known to involve multiple and extensive HO. The molecular and cellular pathways leading to HO are quite complex and their big picture has not been clarified.