PubMed 36. Rozen S, Skaletsky HJ: Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols: selleck chemical Methods in Molecular Biology (Edited by: Krawetz S, Misener

S). Humana Press, Totowa, NJ 2000, 365–386. 37. Jolley KA, Feil EJ, Chan MS, Maiden MCJ: Sequence type analysis and recombinational tests (START). Bioinformatics 2001, 17:1230–1231.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ contributions AB designed and carried out the MLST, assisted by EK. JC, ML, GM and CD provided technical expertise. Thanks to Edward Hurrell for additional this website strain biotyping. AB and SF wrote the manuscript. SF managed the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background buy Erastin The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of Gram negative bacteria that comprises at least fifteen taxonomically related species [1, 2]. Bcc strains occupy multiple niches from soil to humans as they have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic granulomatous disease, and other

medical conditions associated with a compromised immune system [1, 3]. Burkholderia species have evolved large genomes that allow them to deal with a variety of nutrient sources, predation and competition. The three chromosomes of B. cenocepacia, one of the most common species found in CF patients [4], encode a broad array of catabolic functions. Yet, the contribution of these metabolic capacities to colonization and survival in the host has not been established. The phenylacetic acid (PA) catabolic pathway is the central route where catabolism of many aromatic compounds converge and are directed to the Krebs cycle [5]. It comprises of four steps, namely the PA-CoA ligation-activation performed by PaaK [6], the hydroxylation step for which the PaaABCDE enzymatic complex is responsible [7], the enoyl-CoA isomerization/hydration, almost ring opening performed by PaaG and PaaZ, [8], and the β-oxidation step carried out by PaaF and PaaH, [8]. Previously, we initiated the functional characterization of the PA catabolic pathway of B. cenocepacia K56-2 [9] and demonstrated that interruption

of putative PA-CoA ring hydroxylation activity, but not the lower steps of PA degradation, resulted in an attenuated pathogenic phenotype in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of infection. Here, we report that the PA catabolic genes of B. cenocepacia K56-2 are induced by PA, are negatively regulated by PaaR, a TetR-type regulator and are subjected to catabolic repression by glucose and succinate. Results Translational reporter plasmids containing PA catabolic gene promoters are responsive to PA and related compounds The PA degradation genes are arranged in three separate clusters in B. cenocepacia, namely paaABCDE, paaFZJGIJK1 and paaHK2, where the paaF gene is divergently orientated from the paaZJGIJK1 cluster [9].