PCR products were digested with XhoI and BamHI and then introduced into the pET15b (Novagen) expression vector (pET15b-SpPyrH and pET15b-HiPyrH, Epigenetics Compound Library respectively). The sequences of the cloned DNA fragments were verified as the pyrH gene ORF of S. pneumoniae (GenBank accession nos. AE005672) and that of H. influenzae (GenBank accession nos. L42023) by DNA sequencing. Then, E. coli Rosetta-Gami B (DE3) was transformed

with pET15b-SpPyrH or pET15b-HiPyrH according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After the transformed Rosetta-Gami B (DE3) cells were cultivated at 37 °C for 3 h in 250 mL of LB broth containing 100 μg mL−1 of carbenicillin, 1 mM isopropyl β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added and then further cultivated at 30 °C for 3–4 h. After centrifugation, the pellets (= cells) were resuspended in 10 mL of B-PER reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.), incubated at room temperature for 30 min and then sonicated with Biorupter (COSMO BIO CO., LTD.). After the lysates were centrifuged

at 16 100 g for 15 min, the supernatants, including the recombinant PyrH proteins tagged with 6xHis at NH2-terminus, were transferred to a column and incubated for 1 h with 2 mL of Ni-NTA agarose (Life Technologies Japan Ltd.) resin slurry that had been equilibrated with B-PER reagent. The STA-9090 purchase resin was washed with 2 mL of Wash Buffer 1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) three times and with 3 mL of Wash Buffer 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) twice. Finally, the target protein, either recombinant S. pneumoniae PyrH (SpPyrH) or H. influenzae PyrH (HiPyrH), was eluted in 6 mL of Elution Buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Samples were ran on a sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,

and purity of the target protein was examined by Coomassie blue staining or immunoblotting with HRP conjugate anti-His antibody (Promega Corporation) followed by a chemiluminescence for assay (ECL plus; GE Healthcare). PyrH synthesizes UDP according to the following scheme: UMP + ATP to UDP + ADP. To determine UMP kinase activity in vitro, we examined the amount of residual substrate, ATP, after the reaction. The amount of ATP was measured using the luminescence-based ATP quantitative reagent, Kinase-Glo (Promega). The UMP kinase reaction and the following luciferase reaction were carried out in a white 96-well half area plate. SpPyrH (2.5 units per well) or HiPyrH (1.5 units per well) was mixed with 2% (v/v) of test inhibitor, which was diluted twofold serially in DMSO/MeOH (70/30 [v/v]), 50 mM Tris–HCl (pH 7.5), 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM UMP and 5 μM ATP in a total volume of 50 μL. After 2.5-h incubation at 30 °C, 50 μL of the Kinase-Glo Assay reagent was added to initiate the luciferase reaction and was incubated for 10 min at room temperature. The levels of luminescence were measured using an ARVO luminometer (Perkin Elmer Co., Ltd.) and expressed in relative luminescence units (RLU).