They are now mainly used to treat the psychotic symptoms present during one of the

poles of the disorder, or as an adjunctive treatment when other alternatives have failed. There have been several reports that clozapine may be more effective in patients with mania and schizoaffective disorder than in patients with schizophrenia. Refractory rapid-cycling and dysphoric mania also seem to improve with clozapine. Both psychotic and mood symptoms respond well to clozapine monotherapy.28 Preliminary reports suggest that the newer Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical atypical antipsychotics olanzapine29 and sertindole may also be effective in stabilizing mood or in the management of affective symptoms. Refractory psychotic depression has also been successfully treated with clozapine monotherapy.28 The occurrence of psychotic symptoms is frequent during the evolution of idiopathic Parkinson’s Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disease and other parkinsonian syndromes. They seem to be related to interactions between the underlying neuropathologies manifestations of the syndromes and the adverse effects associated with chronic antiparkinsonian

drug administration. In patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, there is also a high prevalence of affective comorbidity. Classic neuroleptics may improve Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the symptoms, but usually worsen the parkinsonism. Clozapine has been used successfully since 1985 with only few extrapyramidal effects.30 Olanzapine has been reported to be effective in the suppression of psychotic symptoms in these patients, but the currently available dose increments may result in an Selleck GDC-941 exacerbation of motor disability.31 Transnosological use

of psychotropics: Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical drug development and clinical research As mentioned above, since no solid alternatives have emerged from biological research to replace the current hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders, the development of new psychotropic drugs remains based on the restoration of the imbalance in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the monoamincrgic system. This is exemplified by the development of the new antidepressants. The postulate that depression results from a dysfunction in the noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic systems leads logically to the attempt to design antidepressants that act mainly on one of the neurotransmitter systems. The idea is to increase selectivity without compromising efficacy, while at the same time reducing the side effects many that result of interactions with these and other neurotransmitter systems. Thus, blockade of serotonin reuptake gave rise to the now well-known SSRIs. A new class of drugs, which selectively inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine, was recently introduced onto the market. However, experience with psychotropic drugs acting on either the noradrenergic or the serotonergic systems suggest how important it is (at least in certain situations) to act on both systems at once.