In the urban and metropolitan areas, the range of 16–30 years is the age most subject to serious injury (52%) due to the high percentage of car-to-PTW accident configurations (25%), and given that the PTWs are the vehicles mainly used by this group of people. However, the youngest severely injured are car occupants, with a mean age of 32 years, also if less common.

This can be explained with a more frequent use of dangerous or aggressive behaviour driving/riding compared to elderly people. Sixty-eight percent of those involved in serious accidents are VRUs. The previous analysis shows that the head is the body region most seriously injured, mainly in pedestrians and cyclists, and the windshield area (centre or upper edge) causes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a large percentage (18.7%) of the total injuries incurred. The high incidence of injuries due to ground impact (Table 3) buy EX 527 underlines that the second impact is the cause of the greatest number of lesions. This is due to the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical high quantity of energy that the striking vehicle transmits to the VRU. The five percent of the total injuries sustained by the

VRUs are due to the A-pillar impact where, in a total of the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 13 lesions, 30% are localized in the head region. This advises improvement of the vehicle design, e.g. with an wide use of some energy absorbing devices, such as airbags that can be reduce injury risk caused by these structures, without reducing safety performance of the vehicle, by avoiding softening the structures. Alternatively, working on the pre-crash phase with an active system for the collision mitigation based, e.g., on radar and camera acquisition

systems. The ground impact suggests the development Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of new shape of hoods which absorb a greater quantity of energy and release the VRU with a minor speed, so as to reduce the consequences of the second impact with the asphalt. For the PTW rider-and-pillion, the thorax and the spine are the body regions most frequent injured, while the head is the region with most severe injuries. This Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical latest aspect of the sample analysed is mainly due to the presence of several demi-jet helmets, and of two cases where the helmet became detached after the first impact. This leads to the belief that the use of thoracic protection leads to the reduction of these lesions. Furthermore, the use Ribonucleotide reductase of full-face helmets reduces the face injury risk, and correct fastening reduces the risk detaching. The patients spent a mean of 10.6 days in the hospital ward and a mean of 14 days in the ICU. The average daily cost for normal care is calculated at €700, while for intensive care it is €2,000. The average total cost for each patient subject to major trauma (a mean of 24.6 days in the hospital) is equal to €35,400, excluding the cost of physician-staffed ambulance, paramedics or helicopter and ER. Our cost is comparable to what is indicated by Westhoff et al. [52] for Germany (€10,000 – 250,000).