To determine whether PsspB expression was indeed forespore-specific, the PsspB fragment was released from pPERM580 by digestion with EcoRI and BamHI and cloned upstream of the gfpmut3a gene in plasmid pAD123. The resulting construct, pPERM750, was

cloned in E. coli BMS-354825 manufacturer DH5α and transformed into B. subtilis PS832, yielding strain PERM751, in which the location(s) of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in sporulating cells could be determined by fluorescence microscopy. To this end, cells sporulating in liquid Difco sporulation medium (Schaeffer et al., 1965) at 37 °C were harvested 7 h after the start of sporulation. The cells were viewed and photographed by fluorescence microscopy on an Axioscop-40 Carl Zeiss fluorescence microscope with an Aplan × 100 filter, using excitation from 450 to 490 nm and emission >515 nm. Eighty sporangia were analyzed to determine the cell compartment (namely, mother cell and/or forespore) where Sirolimus molecular weight synthesis of GFP took place. Two milliliters of purified spores of B. subtilis strains at an OD600 nm of 1 were lyophilized. The dry spores plus 0.2 mL of 0.45–0.6-mm-diameter glass beads in 1.5-mL Eppendorf tubes with a small magnetic stirrer were disrupted by twenty 30-s periods of shaking in a vortex mixer adjusted to the maximum speed; this procedure gave >80% spore breakage

as determined by microscopy. The dry powder was suspended at 4 °C in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)–100 mM NaCl supplemented with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) and mixed 1 : 1 with 2 × sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) sample buffer. The mixtures were boiled for 5 min, centrifuged for 5 min at

14 550 g, 30-μL aliquots of the supernatant were run on 10% SDS-PAGE and the gel was stained with Coomassie blue (Laemmli, 1970). Quantification of protein expression was accomplished by densitometry using quantity one 1-d software from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA). For measurement of spore killing by wet heat, spores at an OD600 nm of 1 (108 spores mL−1) in water were incubated Etoposide at 90 °C. For dry heat treatment, 1-mL spores at an OD600 nm of 1 (108 spores mL−1) in water were lyophilized in glass tubes and the dry spores were heated at 90 or 120 °C in an oil bath. The heated tubes were cooled and spores were rehydrated with 1 mL sterile water. For UV-C treatment, 5 mL spores at an OD600 nm of 0.5 (107 spores mL−1) in phosphate buffered-saline (0.7% Na2HPO4, 0.3% KH2PO4, 0.4% NaCl; pH 7.5) were continuously stirred and irradiated at room temperature with a short-wave UV lamp (maximum output 254 nm; UV products, Upland, CA) (energy output=75 W m−2) at various fluences. Spore survival during these treatments was measured by plating aliquots of dilutions in water on Luria–Bertani medium (Miller, 1972) agar plates, and counting colonies after 24–48 h of incubation at 37 °C.