Sample size calculations are given in the Supporting Material. Using a prospective nonrandomized and nonblinded study design, all examinations were carried out at low (Zurich, 446 m above sea level, ZH) and high (Capanna Regina Margherita, 4559 m above sea level, MG) altitudes. For the examinations at ZH level, groups of 2-4 participants arrived in the late afternoon at the University Hospital Zurich and examinations for this study were carried out on the following day. For the high-altitude examinations, groups of 2-4 participants ascended on day 0 by cable car from Alagna selleck screening library Valsesia (1212

m, Italy) to 2971 m and then hiked to the Rifugio Gniffeti at 3611 m, where they spent 1 night. On day 1 (MG1), the participants climbed to the Capanna Regina Margherita at 4559 m. The serologic and endoscopic studies followed on day 2 (MG2) and day 4 (MG4). All investigations were performed this website without serious adverse events. In two participants, a self-limiting vasovagal reaction occurred during transnasal small-caliber esophagogastro-duodenoscopy at low altitude. Fasting venous and arterial blood samples were taken at baseline

(ZH) as well as at MG2 and MG4 at 8 am before endoscopy. All venous blood samples were centrifuged immediately and the plasma was stored in liquid nitrogen and at −80°C after return from Capanna Regina Margherita. In addition, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was monitored by pulse oximetry (finger clip measurement using Infinity by Dräger, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland or Colin next BP 88, Mediana Technologies Corporation, San Antonio, TX). Arterial blood gas analysis was performed, including measurement of hemoglobin and hematocrit (ABL, Radiometer, Copenhagen, 8800 Thalwil, Switzerland). Partial pressure

of oxygen, hemoglobin, and hematocrit could not be analyzed in two arterial blood samples of one participant because of a technical defect of the blood gas analyzer. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) scores were determined at baseline on each test day in the Capanna Regina Margherita based on the Lake Louise scoring (LLS) system and the use of a cerebral-sensitive (AMS-C) score of the Environmental Symptom Questionnaire. This study was not designed to assess the effects of dexamethasone on high-altitude Cediranib (AZD2171) pathophysiology in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled fashion. For safety reasons subjects with (1) significant high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) susceptibility (defined by experience of an HAPE in participant’s history); (2) without HAPE susceptibility but an LLS greater than 5 in the morning or evening of MG2; or (3) symptomatic subjects, as indicated by the responsible study physician, were treated with 2 × 8 mg/day dexamethasone (9-fluor-16a-methylprednisolone, Dexamethasone Galepharm, 4 mg, Kuesnacht, Switzerland) starting on the evening of MG2, i.e., after the last experiment of that day was performed. Overall, 14 subjects were treated with dexamethasone.