e , female-headed households, households lacking able-bodied men

e., female-headed households, households lacking able-bodied men aged 19–35 years, households with many dependants and households with many sick family members. In order to implement this in practice we therefore suggest [in contrast to the national adaptation www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html policies proposed by the governments in Tanzania and Kenya but in agreement with IFAD recommendations (2011)] a gender-informed and tri-partite integrative policy strategy with focus on: (1) financial and infrastructural support to scale up adoption of locally produced and

affordable technologies and innovations; (2) education and extension services targeting and promoting a shift towards sustainable agricultural intensification; and

(3) capacity building and social learning initiatives to encourage the integration of “marginalized” climate vulnerable groups into collaborative projects and collective action groups to reduce labor burdens and CHIR-99021 ic50 diversify activities and income earning possibilities. In so doing, three important livelihood domains may be promoted and developed: the capability to farm collectively; the means to increase household buffers; and the empowerment of individual agency to enable planning for the uncertainties ahead. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Swedish International Development and Cooperation Agency (Sida) for financial support of the research project and three anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on the article. We also wish to thank all the participating stakeholders in the Kisumu workshop and SCC-VI Kisumu for arranging and

co-hosting the event. Finally, our gratitude goes to the farmers who engaged Dimethyl sulfoxide so willingly in the participatory exercises. Without you this research would not have been possible. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References Adger WN (2003) Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change. Econ Geogr 79(4):387–404CrossRef Adger WN (2006) Vulnerability. Global Environ Change 16(3):268–281CrossRef Andersson E, Gabrielsson S (2012) Because of poverty we had to come together—collective action as a pathway to improved food security in rural Kenya and Uganda. J Int Agric Sustain 10(3):245–262 Barrett CB (2008) Poverty traps and resource dynamics in smallholder agrarian systems. In: Dellink RB and Ruijs A (eds) Economics of poverty, environment and natural-resource use.

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